Assurance of security rules in a network

ABSTRACT

Systems, methods, and computer-readable media for assurance of rules in a network. An example method can include creating a compliance requirement including a first endpoint group (EPG) selector, a second EPG selector, a traffic selector, and a communication operator, the first and second EPG selectors representing sets of EPGs and the communication operator defining a communication condition for traffic associated with the first and second EPG selectors and the traffic selector. The method can include creating, for each distinct pair of EPGs, a first respective data structure representing the distinct pair of EPGs, the communication operator, and the traffic selector; creating a second respective data structure representing a logical model of the network; determining whether the first respective data structure is contained in the second respective data structure to yield a containment check; and determining whether policies on the network comply with the compliance requirement based on the containment check.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of, and priority to, U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/690,446, filed on Jun. 27, 2018,entitled “ASSURANCE OF SECURITY RULES IN A NETWORK”, the content ofwhich is hereby expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety.

This application is related to U.S. Non-Provisional patent applicationSer. No. ______ (Client Ref. No. 1018070-US.01 and Attorney Ref. No.085115-599496), filed herewith, entitled “ASSURANCE OF SECURITY RULES INA NETWORK”, and U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. ______(Client Ref. No. 1018032-US.01 and Attorney Ref. No. 085115-599940),filed herewith, entitled “ASSURANCE OF SECURITY RULES IN A NETWORK”,both of which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present technology pertains to assurance of security rules in anetwork.

BACKGROUND

Computer networks are becoming increasingly complex, often involving lowlevel and high level configurations at various layers of the network.For example, computer networks generally include numerous security,routing, and service policies, which together define the behavior andoperation of the network. Network operators have a wide array ofconfiguration options for tailoring the network to the needs of users.While the different configuration options provide network operatorssignificant flexibility and control over the network, they also addcomplexity to the network. In addition, network operators often add,delete, and edit policies throughout the life of the network. Given thehigh complexity of networks and the vast number of policies and policychanges typically implemented in a network, it can be extremelydifficult to keep track of the policies in the network, avoid conflictsbetween policies in the network, and ensure that the policies in thenetwork comply with the intended behavior and operation of the network.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order to describe the manner in which the above-recited and otheradvantages and features of the disclosure can be obtained, a moreparticular description of the principles briefly described above will berendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which areillustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawingsdepict only exemplary embodiments of the disclosure and are nottherefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the principlesherein are described and explained with additional specificity anddetail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:

FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate example network environments;

FIG. 2A illustrates an example object model of an example network;

FIG. 2B illustrates an example object model for a tenant object in theexample object model from FIG. 2A;

FIG. 2C illustrates an example association of various objects in theexample object model from FIG. 2A;

FIG. 2D illustrates a schematic diagram of example models implementedbased on the example object model from FIG. 2A;

FIG. 3A illustrates an example assurance appliance system;

FIG. 3B illustrates an example system diagram for network assurance;

FIG. 4 illustrates an example diagram for constructing device-specificlogical models based on a logical model of a network;

FIG. 5A illustrates a schematic diagram of example inputs and outputs ofan example policy analyzer;

FIG. 5B illustrates an equivalency diagram for determining equivalencebetween different network models;

FIG. 5C illustrates an example architecture for performing equivalencechecks and identifying conflict rules;

FIGS. 6A through 6C illustrate example Reduced Ordered Binary DecisionDiagrams;

FIG. 7 illustrates an example method for network assurance;

FIG. 8 illustrates an example user interface for accessing assurancecompliance menus of an assurance compliance tool;

FIG. 9 illustrates an example compliance requirement managementinterface which allows a user to manage compliance requirements;

FIG. 10 illustrates an example compliance requirement interface forcreating a compliance requirement;

FIG. 11 illustrates an example EPG (Endpoint Group) selector interfacefor selecting an EPG selector for a security compliance requirement;

FIG. 12 illustrates an example configuration of a compliance requirementinterface after a user selects and chooses an EPG selector from an EPGselector interface;

FIG. 13 illustrates an example configuration of a compliance requirementinterface for enabling a user to select a communication operator for asecurity compliance requirement;

FIG. 14 illustrates an example configuration of a compliance requirementinterface for selecting an EPG selector and associated attributes for aparticular EPG selector in a compliance requirement definitions view;

FIG. 15 illustrates an example EPG selector interface for selecting anEPG selector for a compliance requirement;

FIG. 16 illustrates an example compliance requirement interfacedepicting an example configuration of a compliance requirement createdthrough the compliance requirement interface;

FIGS. 17A through 17C illustrate example configurations of a compliancerequirement interface for creating a compliance requirement;

FIGS. 18A through 18E illustrate example configurations of a trafficselector interface for creating a traffic selector for a securitycompliance requirement;

FIG. 19 illustrates an example EPG selector interface for creating anEPG selector for a security compliance requirement;

FIGS. 20A through 20D illustrate example configurations of a compliancerequirement sets interface;

FIG. 21 illustrates an example compliance requirements interfaceidentifying compliance requirements associated with a compliancerequirement set;

FIG. 22 illustrates a diagram of an example definitions scheme forconfiguring compliance requirements;

FIGS. 23A and 23B illustrate example configurations of a compliancescore interface;

FIGS. 24A and 24B illustrate example views of a compliance analysisinterface;

FIG. 25 illustrates an example interface for searching complianceevents;

FIG. 26 illustrates an example method for creating and verifyingsecurity compliance requirements;

FIG. 27 illustrates an example method for creating a security compliancerequirement and checking a compliance of policies associated withobjects on a same network context;

FIG. 28 illustrates an example method for creating a security compliancerequirement and checking a compliance of policies associated withobjects on different network contexts;

FIG. 29 illustrates an example network device; and

FIG. 30 illustrates an example computing system architecture.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various embodiments of the disclosure are discussed in detail below.While specific implementations are discussed, it should be understoodthat this is done for illustration purposes only. A person skilled inthe relevant art will recognize that other components and configurationsmay be used without parting from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.Thus, the following description and drawings are illustrative and arenot to be construed as limiting. Numerous specific details are describedto provide a thorough understanding of the disclosure. However, incertain instances, well-known or conventional details are not describedin order to avoid obscuring the description. References to one or anembodiment in the present disclosure can be references to the sameembodiment or any embodiment; and, such references mean at least one ofthe embodiments.

Reference to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particularfeature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with theembodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the disclosure. Theappearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in thespecification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment,nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of otherembodiments. Moreover, various features are described which may beexhibited by some embodiments and not by others.

The terms used in this specification generally have their ordinarymeanings in the art, within the context of the disclosure, and in thespecific context where each term is used. Alternative language andsynonyms may be used for any one or more of the terms discussed herein,and no special significance should be placed upon whether or not a termis elaborated or discussed herein. In some cases, synonyms for certainterms are provided. A recital of one or more synonyms does not excludethe use of other synonyms. The use of examples anywhere in thisspecification including examples of any terms discussed herein isillustrative only, and is not intended to further limit the scope andmeaning of the disclosure or of any example term. Likewise, thedisclosure is not limited to various embodiments given in thisspecification.

Without intent to limit the scope of the disclosure, examples ofinstruments, apparatus, methods and their related results according tothe embodiments of the present disclosure are given below. Note thattitles or subtitles may be used in the examples for convenience of areader, which in no way should limit the scope of the disclosure. Unlessotherwise defined, technical and scientific terms used herein have themeaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art towhich this disclosure pertains. In the case of conflict, the presentdocument, including definitions will control.

Additional features and advantages of the disclosure will be set forthin the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from thedescription, or can be learned by practice of the herein disclosedprinciples. The features and advantages of the disclosure can berealized and obtained by means of the instruments and combinationsparticularly pointed out in the appended claims. These and otherfeatures of the disclosure will become more fully apparent from thefollowing description and appended claims, or can be learned by thepractice of the principles set forth herein.

Overview

Software-defined networks (SDNs) and data centers, such asapplication-centric infrastructure (ACI) networks, can be managed fromone or more centralized elements, such as application policyinfrastructure controllers (APICs) in an ACI network or network managersin other SDN networks. A network operator can define variousconfigurations, objects, rules, etc., for the network, which can beimplemented by the one or more centralized elements. The configurationsprovided by the network operator can reflect the network operator'sintent for the network, meaning, how the network operator intends forthe network and its components to operate. Such user intents can beprogrammatically encapsulated in network models stored at thecentralized elements. The models can represent the user intents andreflect the configuration of the network. For example, the models canrepresent the object and policy universe (e.g., endpoints, tenants,endpoint groups, contexts, application profiles, policies, etc.) asdefined for the particular network by the user intents and/orcentralized elements.

In many cases, various nodes and/or controllers in a network may containrespective information or representations of the network and networkstate. For example, different controllers may store different logicalmodels of the network and each node in a fabric of the network maycontain its own model for the network. The approaches set forth hereinprovide assurance of contracts or policies in the network. A networkoperator can specify a compliance requirement and check that it isaccurately enforced across the network and does not conflict with otherrules in the network. For example, a network operator can specify asecurity rule that indicates which endpoint groups (EPGs) a particularEPG should or should not be able to communicate with, and how suchcommunications can be conducted (if allowed). A network assuranceappliance can retrieve and analyze one or more logical, concrete, and/orhardware models of the network to determine whether the specifiedsecurity rule(s) are violated, satisfied, applied, etc. The networkassurance appliance can generate events indicating whether the specifiedsecurity rule(s) are violated, satisfied, applied, etc., and how thesecurity rule(s) are violated or unenforced if such is the case.

Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and computer-readable media forassurance of rules and policies in a network, including rules andpolicies associated with a same network context (e.g., a same virtualrouting and forwarding instance, a same private network, a same networkaddress domain, etc.). In some examples, a system or method can includecreating a compliance requirement for a network, the compliancerequirement including a first endpoint group (EPG) selector, a secondEPG selector, a traffic selector, and a communication operator. Thefirst and second EPG selectors can represent sets of EPGs. The trafficselector can include traffic parameters identifying trafficcorresponding to the traffic selector, and the communication operatorcan define a communication condition for traffic associated with thefirst and second EPG selectors and the traffic selector.

The system or method can include creating, for each distinct pair ofEPGs from the sets of EPGs, a first respective data structurerepresenting the distinct pair of EPGs, the communication operator, andthe traffic selector. The distinct pair of EPGs can include a respectiveEPG from each of the first EPG selector and the second EPG selector. Thesystem or method can further include creating a second respective datastructure representing a logical model of the network, determiningwhether the first respective data structure is contained in the secondrespective data structure to yield a containment check, and determiningwhether policies configured on the network comply with the compliancerequirement based on the containment check.

In some aspects, the system or method can include determining that eachEPG in at least one distinct pair of EPGs from the sets of EPGs isassociated with a same network context. The same network context caninclude a Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) instance, a privatenetwork, a network address domain, and the like. The second respectivedata structure can be based at least partly on policies in the logicalmodel that are associated with the same network context and/or canrepresent the policies associated with the same network context. In somecases, determining whether the policies comply with the compliancerequirement can include determining whether the policies associated withthe same network context satisfy, violate, or apply the compliancerequirement.

In some aspects, the first respective data structure and the secondrespective data structure can include binary decision diagrams (BDDs),reduced ordered binary decision diagrams (ROBDDs), n-bit vectors, or thelike. In some cases, the system or method can include generating one ormore compliance assurance events indicating whether the policies complywith the compliance requirement. Generating the one or more complianceassurance events can include presenting a compliance result indicatingwhether the compliance requirement is satisfied, violated, or notapplied by one or more of the policies configured on the network.

In some examples, the compliance result can include an indication of acause for the compliance requirement being satisfied, violated, or notapplied, and/or an indication of a compliance event severity, a numberof compliance issues, a compliance score, a count of compliance issuesby category, a respective compliance score by category, etc. Thecategory can include a type of compliance requirement, a type ofresource affected, a policy object affected, etc. The indication of thecause can identify a set of policy objects and/or one or more securitypolicies. The set of policy objects can include a consumer EPG, aprovider EPG, a contract, a filter, a tenant, a virtual routing andforwarding (VRF) object, a network context, an application profile etc.

In some aspects, the system or method can include determining whether astate of the network complies with the compliance requirement bycomparing one or more first data structures representing the compliancerequirement with one or more second data structures representinghardware policy entries configured on network devices in the network,and based on the comparing, determining whether the hardware policyentries configured on the network devices in the network satisfy,violate, or apply the compliance requirement.

In some aspects, the network can include a plurality of network fabrics,and the system or method can include creating additional compliancerequirements for the network based on additional configuration dataincluding respective EPG selectors, respective traffic selectors, andrespective communication operators, grouping the additional compliancerequirements to yield a compliance requirement set, associating thecompliance requirement set with a subset of the plurality of networkfabrics, and determining whether policies associated with the subset ofthe plurality of network fabrics comply with the compliance requirementset.

Example Embodiments

The present technology involves system, methods, and computer-readablemedia for assurance of rules and policies in a network, including rulesor policies associated with a same network context. The presenttechnology will be described in the following disclosure as follows. Thediscussion begins with a discussion of network and compliance assurance,and a description of example computing environments, as shown in FIGS.1A and 1B. A discussion of network models for network assurance, asshown in FIGS. 2A through 2D, and network modeling and assurancesystems, as shown in FIGS. 3A-B, 4, 5A-C, 6A-C, and 7 will then follow.The discussion proceeds with a description of example securitycompliance requirements as well as methods and techniques for creatingand checking security compliance requirements, as shown in FIGS. 8through 28. The discussion concludes with a description of examplenetwork and computing devices, as shown in FIGS. 29 and 30, includingexample hardware components suitable for hosting software applicationsand performing computing operations. The disclosure now turns to adiscussion of network and compliance assurance.

Network assurance is the guarantee or determination that the network isbehaving as intended by the network operator and has been configuredproperly (e.g., the network is doing what it is intended to do). Intentcan encompass various network operations, such as bridging, routing,security, service chaining, endpoints, compliance, QoS (Quality ofService), audits, etc. Intent can be embodied in one or more policies,configurations, etc., defined for the network and individual networkelements (e.g., switches, routers, applications, resources, etc.). Insome cases, the configurations, policies, etc., defined by a networkoperator may not be accurately reflected in the actual behavior of thenetwork. For example, a network operator specifies configuration A for atype of traffic but later finds that the network is actually applyingconfiguration B to that traffic or otherwise processing that traffic ina manner that is inconsistent with configuration A. This can be a resultof many different causes, such as hardware errors, software bugs,varying priorities, configuration conflicts, misconfigured settings,improper rule rendering by devices, upgrades, configuration changes,failures, etc. As another example, a network operator definesconfiguration C for the network, but one or more configurations in thenetwork cause the network to behave in a manner that is inconsistentwith the intent reflected by configuration C.

The approaches herein can provide network compliance assurance bymodeling various aspects of the network, performing consistency,compliance, and/or other network assurance checks. The network assuranceapproaches herein can be implemented in various types of networks,including private networks, such as local area networks (LANs);enterprise networks; standalone or traditional networks, such as datacenter networks; networks including a physical or underlay layer and alogical or overlay layer, such as a VXLAN or SDN network (e.g.,Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI) or VMware NSX networks); etc.

Network models can be constructed for a network and implemented fornetwork assurance. A network model can provide a representation of oneor more aspects of a network, including, without limitation thenetwork's policies, configurations, requirements, security, routing,topology, applications, hardware, filters, contracts, access controllists, infrastructure, etc. For example, a network model can provide amathematical representation of configurations in the network. As will befurther explained below, different types of models can be generated fora network.

Such models can be implemented to ensure that the behavior of thenetwork will be consistent (or is consistent) with the intended behaviorreflected through specific configurations (e.g., policies, settings,definitions, etc.) implemented by the network operator. Unliketraditional network monitoring, which involves sending and analyzingdata packets and observing network behavior, network assurance can beperformed through modeling without necessarily ingesting packet data ormonitoring traffic or network behavior. This can result in foresight,insight, and hindsight: problems can be prevented before they occur,identified when they occur, and fixed immediately after they occur.

Thus, network assurance can involve modeling properties of the networkto deterministically predict the behavior of the network. The networkcan be determined to be healthy if the model(s) indicate proper behavior(e.g., no inconsistencies, conflicts, errors, etc.). The network can bedetermined to be functional, but not fully healthy, if the modelingindicates proper behavior but some inconsistencies. The network can bedetermined to be non-functional and not healthy if the modelingindicates improper behavior and errors. If inconsistencies or errors aredetected by the modeling, a detailed analysis of the correspondingmodel(s) can allow one or more underlying or root problems to beidentified with great accuracy.

The approaches herein also enable a network administrator or operator tospecify a compliance requirement(s) and check that the specifiedcompliance requirement(s) is being enforced across the network and isnot otherwise being violated or contradicted by other rules or policiesin the network. For example, a network administrator can specify asecurity rule that indicates which EPGs a specific EPG should or shouldnot be able or allowed to communicate with, and how the specific EPGshould communicate with those EPGs it should be able or allowed tocommunicate with. A network assurance appliance can retrieve and analyzea logical, concrete, and/or hardware models of the network to determinewhether or not the specified security rule(s) are being violated,satisfied, applied, etc., based on a comparison of the specifiedsecurity rule(s) and the network model(s) (e.g., the logical, concrete,and/or hardware models). The network assurance appliance can generateevents indicating whether or not the specified security rule(s) complieswith the network models and is being violated, satisfied, applied, etc.,in the network. The network administrator or operator can specify (e.g.,via a user interface) one or more security or policy requirements (e.g.,rules, conditions, nodes, etc.) that should or should not be satisfied,applied, violated, etc., in the network, and quickly receive complianceresults indicating whether such security or policy requirements arebeing applied, violated, satisfied, etc.

Defining a Security Requirement

A network administrator can define a security requirement that includes,for example, a requirement name, a requirement description, arequirement type, a first EPG set, a communication operator, a secondEPG set, and a traffic selector or communication filter. The complianceassurance system can then check or verify whether the securityrequirement and associated parameters are being violated, enforced,applied, satisfied, etc., in the network.

To define an EPG set, the network administrator can specify one or moreEPGs, tenants, domain names, VRFs (virtual routing and forwardinginstances), application profiles, bridge domains, EPG tags/categories,or other container/grouping of EPGs or other parameters. The networkadministrator can explicitly include or exclude certain EPGs. Becausethe EPGs in certain groupings (e.g., Application Profiles, VRFs, etc.)may be dynamic and change from epoch to epoch, the assurance appliancemay identify the EPGs in the EPG set in each epoch being assured.

The communication operator can include, for example, conditions such asmust not talk to, must talk to, may talk to, etc. A must talk tocondition can mean that one must be able to talk to on all specifiedports, while may talk to condition can mean that one may be able to talkon one or more of the specified ports.

The traffic selector or communication filter can include, for example,an Ethernet protocol or EtherType for communication (e.g., IPv6, IPv4,MPLS Unicast, ARP, MAC security, etc.); an IP protocol (e.g., ICMP,IGMP, IGP, TCP, UDP, etc.); a TCP session state; one or more ports forcommunication; a number of steps/hops within the network for indirectcommunications (e.g., less that 5 hops, more than 1 hop, etc.), whichmay be used to check that communications are routed through a middle boxsuch as a firewall; hops from one EPG to another EPG; etc.

For example, a network administrator can create a security requirementnamed “Security Requirement 1”, and define it as “EPG Set 1 must talk toEPG Set 2 on TCP ports 80-100.” Here, the security requirement includesa name, an indication of which EPG sets are associated with the securityrequirement, a condition or communication operator indicating that oneEPG set must talk to another EPG set, and the specific protocol andports for such communications.

Once the assurance appliance receives the security rule, the assuranceappliance can retrieve the configuration data from the network (e.g.,via a network controller such as an APIC). The configuration data mayinclude, for example, contracts, settings, hardware (e.g., ternarycontent-addressable memory) rules, etc. In some cases, the configurationdata may also include forwarding plane configuration data such as, forexample, FIB (forwarding information base) entries on one or morenetwork devices (e.g., one or more leaf switches), subnet configurationsfor one or more bridge domains (BDs) and/or EPGs on a network controllersuch as an APIC, etc. The assurance appliance may check that theconfiguration data complies with the security rule. Based on the check,the assurance appliance may generate events that specify whether theconfigurations in the network violate, satisfy, apply, etc., thesecurity rule. In some cases, the events may be generated on a per-EPGbasis. For example, for the “Security Requirement 1” example above, ifEPG Set 1 contained 3 EPGs and EPG Set 2 contained 5 EPGs, the assuranceappliance may generate 15 events specifying whether the communicationsfrom each EPG in EPG Set 1 to each EPG in EPG Set 2 satisfy or violatethe Security Requirement 1.

In order to check compliance with the security rule, the assuranceappliance may retrieve (e.g., via a network controller such as an APIC)one or more network models for the network, such as a logical, concrete,and/or hardware model, as further explained below, to check if thesecurity rule complies with the rules or policies in the one or morenetwork models. In some implementations, hardware rules, such as TCAMrules, in fabric nodes such as leaf nodes can also be checked forcompliance with the security rule. Depending on which policy definitionor implementation level (e.g., the logical model, the concrete model,the TCAM/hardware model, etc.) is checked, different events and/or typesof events may be generated.

In some examples, a network administrator may also specify a requirementset that includes one or more security requirements. For example,Requirement Set 1 may include security requirements Security Requirement1, Security Requirement 5, and Security Requirement 7. The networkadministrator may also specify which network fabrics the requirement setshould be applied to. For example, the network administrator may specifythat the Requirement Set 1 should be applied to Fabric 1 and Fabric 3.

Checking Compliance with the Security Requirement

The process for checking compliance with one or more securityrequirements can include obtaining a network model, such as a logicalmodel identifying contracts, VRFs, EPGs, etc., specified in the network.The process can involve checking EPG-EPG pairs in EPG sets. A modelinglibrary can be implemented to perform the actual checks. Each contract,taboo, VRF mode, EPG mode, etc., can be inspected and used to constructa BDD (Binary Decision Diagram) or ROBDD (Reduced Ordered BinaryDecision Diagram), which is used to check compliance with the securityrequirement, as further described herein. The various contracts in thenetwork model(s) can be converted into a flat list of rules. BDDs orROBDDs can be used to represent each rule/action in a contract as aBoolean function, which can then be used to perform compliance checksbetween the rules/actions.

Below are example compliance cases:

Example 1—EPG1 and EPG2 are in the Same VRF

The system constructs two ROBDDs for that VRF, including an ROBDDrepresenting traffic that is permitted in the VRF (VRF_permit_ROBDD) andan ROBDD representing traffic that is denied in the VRF(VRF_deny_ROBDD), and an ROBDD for the security requirement (Sec_ROBDD).The system then checks whether Sec_ROBDD is contained in theVRF_deny_ROBDD or the VRF_permit_ROBDD. For example, in some cases, ifthe security requirement specifies a deny requirement, the system cancheck whether the Sec_ROBDD is contained in the VRF_deny_ROBDD, and ifthe security requirement specifies a permit requirement, the system cancheck whether the Sec_ROBDD is contained in the VRF_permit_ROBDD.

Based on this containment check, the system can determine whether thesecurity requirement is satisfied and which contracts satisfy or do notsatisfy the security requirement. To illustrate, assume a securityrequirement specifies that “EPG1 must not talk to EPG2”. The system cancheck whether the Sec_ROBDD for the security requirement specifying that“EPG1 must not talk to EPG2” is contained in the VRF_deny_ROBDDassociated with the VRF to determine if the security requirement issatisfied or violated. Assume instead that the security requirementspecifies that “EPG1 must talk to EPG2”. The system can check whetherthe Sec_ROBDD for the security requirement specifying that “EPG1 musttalk to EPG2” is contained in the VRF_permit_ROBDD associated with theVRF to determine if the security requirement is satisfied or violated.

This example case can have several sub-use cases, such as (1) EnforcedVRF mode or Unenforced VRF mode; (2) Enforced EPG mode or Unenforced EPGmode; Taboo contract versus Permit contract; etc.

Example 2—EPG1 and EPG2 are in Separate VRFs

The system determines that EPG1 and EPG2 are in different VRFs. Thesystem then determines which VRF contains the rules for traffic betweenEPG1 and EPG2.

Suppose that EPG1 is a consumer EPG in VRF1, EPG2 is a provider EPG inVRF2, and the system determines that the rules for traffic between EPG1and EPG2 are in VRF1. Here, the system constructs an ROBDD for VRF1(VRF1_ROBDD) and an ROBDD for the Security Requirement (Sec_ROBDD). Thesystem then checks that Sec_ROBDD is contained in VRF1_ROBDD. Based onthis containment check, the system can determine whether the securityrequirement is satisfied and which contracts satisfy or violate thesecurity requirement.

Reporting Compliance

Based on the compliance check, the assurance appliance may generate aninterface that shows the EPG pairs for a security rule and whether eachEPG pair is in compliance (or not) with the security rule. Thiscompliance check and reporting system provides significant advantages.

When designing a network fabric, a network administrator may know orunderstand how communications in the network fabric should beconfigured, how or which communications should be restricted, how thenetwork should behave, etc. However, during operation of the network,this information may become unclear, forgotten, obsolete, incorrect, orimproper, particularly as the complexity of the network grows, thenetwork changes or evolves, and network policies are added or removed.It can be indeed very difficult to keep track of the rules, behavior,state, and requirements of the network. As a result, it can be verydifficult to ensure that network configurations are respected (e.g., areenforced, satisfied, not violated, etc.) and there are few safeguardsthat protect the configurations or restrictions in the network.

The subject technology allows for the configuration of the network to bespecified as invariants for the network. These invariants may bespecified in one or more security rules/requirements, for example. Thesubject technology allows for such invariants to be tested or checked todetermine whether such invariants are being enforced, satisfied,violated, etc., in view of the current state of the network (e.g., thecurrent network configuration and policies). Thus, the networkadministrator or operator can simply define a specific rule orrequirement that should be enforced or satisfied in the network and runa check to determine whether such rule or requirement is indeed beingenforced or satisfied by the network. This allows the networkadministrator or operator to ensure that the network continues to behaveas it should and identify any conflicting, obsolete, or improper rulesor policies that may be causing the network to behave otherwise, even asthe complexity of the network grows, old policies are removed orforgotten, new policies are implemented, or other changes take place inthe network over time.

Having described various aspects of network and compliance assurance,the disclosure now turns to a discussion of example network environmentsfor network and compliance assurance.

FIG. 1A illustrates a diagram of an example Network Environment 100,such as a data center. The Network Environment 100 can include a Fabric120 which can represent the physical layer or infrastructure (e.g.,underlay) of the Network Environment 100. Fabric 120 can include Spines102 (e.g., spine routers or switches) and Leafs 104 (e.g., leaf routersor switches) which can be interconnected for routing or switchingtraffic in the Fabric 120. Spines 102 can interconnect Leafs 104 in theFabric 120, and Leafs 104 can connect the Fabric 120 to an overlay orlogical portion of the Network Environment 100, which can includeapplication services, servers, virtual machines, containers, endpoints,etc. Thus, network connectivity in the Fabric 120 can flow from Spines102 to Leafs 104, and vice versa. The interconnections between Leafs 104and Spines 102 can be redundant (e.g., multiple interconnections) toavoid a failure in routing. In some examples, Leafs 104 and Spines 102can be fully connected, such that any given Leaf is connected to each ofthe Spines 102, and any given Spine is connected to each of the Leafs104. Leafs 104 can be, for example, top-of-rack (“ToR”) switches,aggregation switches, gateways, ingress and/or egress switches, provideredge devices, and/or any other type of routing or switching device.

Leafs 104 can be responsible for routing and/or bridging tenant orcustomer packets and applying network policies or rules. Networkpolicies and rules can be driven by one or more Controllers 116, and/orimplemented or enforced by one or more devices, such as Leafs 104. Leafs104 can connect other elements to the Fabric 120. For example, Leafs 104can connect Servers 106, Hypervisors 108, Virtual Machines (VMs) 110,Applications 112, Network Device 114, etc., with Fabric 120. Suchelements can reside in one or more logical or virtual layers ornetworks, such as an overlay network. In some cases, Leafs 104 canencapsulate and decapsulate packets to and from such elements (e.g.,Servers 106) in order to enable communications throughout NetworkEnvironment 100 and Fabric 120. Leafs 104 can also provide any otherdevices, services, tenants, or workloads with access to Fabric 120. Insome cases, Servers 106 connected to Leafs 104 can similarly encapsulateand decapsulate packets to and from Leafs 104. For example, Servers 106can include one or more virtual switches or routers or tunnel endpointsfor tunneling packets between an overlay or logical layer hosted by, orconnected to, Servers 106 and an underlay layer represented by Fabric120 and accessed via Leafs 104.

Applications 112 can include software applications, services,containers, appliances, functions, service chains, etc. For example,Applications 112 can include a firewall, a database, a CDN server, anIDS/IPS, a deep packet inspection service, a message router, a virtualswitch, etc. An application from Applications 112 can be distributed,chained, or hosted by multiple endpoints (e.g., Servers 106, VMs 110,etc.), or may run or execute entirely from a single endpoint.

VMs 110 can be virtual machines hosted by Hypervisors 108 or virtualmachine managers running on Servers 106. VMs 110 can include workloadsrunning on a guest operating system on a respective server. Hypervisors108 can provide a layer of software, firmware, and/or hardware thatcreates, manages, and/or runs the VMs 110. Hypervisors 108 can allow VMs110 to share hardware resources on Servers 106, and the hardwareresources on Servers 106 to appear as multiple, separate hardwareplatforms. Moreover, Hypervisors 108 on Servers 106 can host one or moreVMs 110.

In some cases, VMs 110 and/or Hypervisors 108 can be migrated to otherServers 106. Servers 106 can similarly be migrated to other locations inNetwork Environment 100. For example, a server connected to a leaf canbe changed to connect to a different or additional leaf. Suchconfiguration or deployment changes can involve modifications tosettings, configurations and policies that are applied to the resourcesbeing migrated as well as other network components.

In some cases, one or more Servers 106, Hypervisors 108, and/or VMs 110can represent or reside in a tenant space. Tenant space can includeworkloads, services, applications, devices, networks, and/or resourcesassociated with one or more clients or subscribers. Accordingly, trafficin Network Environment 100 can be routed based on specific tenantpolicies, agreements, configurations, etc. Moreover, addressing can varybetween tenants. In some configurations, tenant spaces can be dividedinto logical segments and/or networks and separated from logicalsegments and/or networks associated with other tenants. Addressing,policy, security and configuration information between tenants can bemanaged by Controllers 116, Servers 106, Leafs 104, etc.

Configurations in Network Environment 100 can be implemented at alogical level, a hardware level (e.g., physical), and/or both. Forexample, configurations can be implemented at a logical and/or hardwarelevel based on endpoint or resource attributes, such as endpoint typesand/or application groups or profiles, through a software-definednetwork (SDN) framework (e.g., Application-Centric Infrastructure (ACI)or VMWARE NSX). To illustrate, one or more administrators can defineconfigurations at a logical level (e.g., application or software level)through Controllers 116, which can implement or propagate suchconfigurations through Network Environment 100. In some examples,Controllers 116 can be Application Policy Infrastructure Controllers(APICs) in an ACI framework. In other examples, Controllers 116 can beone or more management components for associated with other SDNsolutions, such as NSX Managers.

Such configurations can define rules, policies, priorities, protocols,attributes, objects, etc., for routing and/or classifying traffic inNetwork Environment 100. For example, such configurations can defineattributes and objects for classifying and processing traffic based onEndpoint Groups (EPGs), Security Groups (SGs), VM types, bridge domains(BDs), virtual routing and forwarding instances (VRFs), tenants,priorities, firewall rules, etc. Other example network objects andconfigurations are further described below. Traffic policies and rulescan be enforced based on tags, attributes, or other characteristics ofthe traffic, such as protocols associated with the traffic, EPGsassociated with the traffic, SGs associated with the traffic, networkaddress information associated with the traffic, etc. Such policies andrules can be enforced by one or more elements in Network Environment100, such as Leafs 104, Servers 106, Hypervisors 108, Controllers 116,etc. As previously explained, Network Environment 100 can be configuredaccording to one or more particular software-defined network (SDN)solutions, such as CISCO ACI or VMWARE NSX. These example SDN solutionsare briefly described below.

ACI can provide an application-centric or policy-based solution throughscalable distributed enforcement. ACI supports integration of physicaland virtual environments under a declarative configuration model fornetworks, servers, services, security, requirements, etc. For example,the ACI framework implements EPGs, which can include a collection ofendpoints or applications that share common configuration requirements,such as security, QoS, services, etc. Endpoints can be virtual/logicalor physical devices, such as VMs, containers, hosts, or physical serversthat are connected to Network Environment 100. Endpoints can have one ormore attributes such as a VM name, guest OS name, a security tag,application profile, etc. Application configurations can be appliedbetween EPGs, instead of endpoints directly, in the form of contracts.Leafs 104 can classify incoming traffic into different EPGs. Theclassification can be based on, for example, a network segmentidentifier such as a VLAN ID, VXLAN Network Identifier (VNID), NVGREVirtual Subnet Identifier (VSID), MAC address, IP address, etc.

In some cases, classification in the ACI infrastructure can beimplemented by Application Virtual Switches (AVS), which can run on ahost, such as a server or switch. For example, an AVS can classifytraffic based on specified attributes, and tag packets of differentattribute EPGs with different identifiers, such as network segmentidentifiers (e.g., VLAN ID). Finally, Leafs 104 can tie packets withtheir attribute EPGs based on their identifiers and enforce policies,which can be implemented and/or managed by one or more Controllers 116.Leaf 104 can classify to which EPG the traffic from a host belongs andenforce policies accordingly.

Another example SDN solution is based on VMWARE NSX. With VMWARE NSX,hosts can run a distributed firewall (DFW) which can classify andprocess traffic. Consider a case where three types of VMs, namely,application, database and web VMs, are put into a single layer-2 networksegment. Traffic protection can be provided within the network segmentbased on the VM type. For example, HTTP traffic can be allowed among webVMs, and disallowed between a web VM and an application or database VM.To classify traffic and implement policies, VMWARE NSX can implementsecurity groups, which can be used to group the specific VMs (e.g., webVMs, application VMs, database VMs). DFW rules can be configured toimplement policies for the specific security groups. To illustrate, inthe context of the previous example, DFW rules can be configured toblock HTTP traffic between web, application, and database securitygroups.

Returning to FIG. 1A, Network Environment 100 can deploy different hostsvia Leafs 104, Servers 106, Hypervisors 108, VMs 110, Applications 112,and Controllers 116, such as VMWARE ESXi hosts, WINDOWS HYPER-V hosts,bare metal physical hosts, etc. Network Environment 100 may interoperatewith a variety of Hypervisors 108, Servers 106 (e.g., physical and/orvirtual servers), orchestration platforms, etc. Network Environment 100may implement a declarative model to allow its integration withapplication design and holistic network policy.

Controllers 116 can provide centralized access to fabric information,application configuration, resource configuration, application-levelconfiguration modeling for a software-defined network (SDN)infrastructure, integration with management systems or servers, etc.Controllers 116 can form a control plane that interfaces with anapplication plane via northbound APIs and a data plane via southboundAPIs.

As previously noted, Controllers 116 can define and manageapplication-level model(s) for configurations in Network Environment100. In some cases, application or device configurations can also bemanaged and/or defined by other components. For example, a hypervisor orvirtual appliance, such as a VM or container, can run a server ormanagement tool to manage software and services in Network Environment100, including configurations and settings for virtual appliances.

As illustrated above, Network Environment 100 can include one or moredifferent types of SDN solutions, hosts, etc. For the sake of clarityand explanation purposes, various examples in the disclosure will bedescribed with reference to an ACI framework, and Controllers 116 may beinterchangeably referenced as controllers, APICs, or APIC controllers.However, it should be noted that the technologies and concepts hereinare not limited to ACI solutions and may be implemented in otherarchitectures and scenarios, including other SDN solutions as well asother types of networks which may not deploy an SDN solution.

Further, as referenced herein, the term “hosts” can refer to Servers 106(e.g., physical or logical), Hypervisors 108, VMs 110, containers (e.g.,Applications 112), etc., and can run or include any type of server orapplication solution. Non-limiting examples of “hosts” can includevirtual switches or routers, such as distributed virtual switches (DVS),application virtual switches (AVS), vector packet processing (VPP)switches; VCENTER and NSX MANAGERS; bare metal physical hosts; HYPER-Vhosts; VMs; DOCKER Containers; etc.

FIG. 1B illustrates another example of Network Environment 100. In thisexample, Network Environment 100 includes Endpoints 122 connected toLeafs 104 in Fabric 120. Endpoints 122 can be physical and/or logical orvirtual entities, such as servers, clients, VMs, hypervisors, softwarecontainers, applications, resources, network devices, workloads, etc.For example, an Endpoint 122 can be an object that represents a physicaldevice (e.g., server, client, switch, etc.), an application (e.g., webapplication, database application, etc.), a logical or virtual resource(e.g., a virtual switch, a virtual service appliance, a virtualizednetwork function (VNF), a VM, a service chain, etc.), a containerrunning a software resource (e.g., an application, an appliance, a VNF,a service chain, etc.), storage, a workload or workload engine, etc.Endpoints 122 can have an address (e.g., an identity), a location (e.g.,host, network segment, virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) instance,domain, etc.), one or more attributes (e.g., name, type, version, patchlevel, OS name, OS type, etc.), a tag (e.g., security tag), a profile,etc.

Endpoints 122 can be associated with respective Logical Groups 118.Logical Groups 118 can be logical entities containing endpoints(physical and/or virtual) grouped together according to one or moreattributes, such as endpoint type (e.g., VM type, workload type,application type, etc.), one or more requirements (e.g., policyrequirements, security requirements, QoS requirements, customerrequirements, resource requirements, etc.), a resource name (e.g., VMname, application name, etc.), a profile, platform or operating system(OS) characteristics (e.g., OS type or name including guest and/or hostOS, etc.), an associated network or tenant, one or more policies, a tag,etc. For example, a logical group can be an object representing acollection of endpoints grouped together. To illustrate, Logical Group 1can contain client endpoints, Logical Group 2 can contain web serverendpoints, Logical Group 3 can contain application server endpoints,Logical Group N can contain database server endpoints, etc. In someexamples, Logical Groups 118 are EPGs in an ACI environment and/or otherlogical groups (e.g., SGs) in another SDN environment.

Traffic to and/or from Endpoints 122 can be classified, processed,managed, etc., based Logical Groups 118. For example, Logical Groups 118can be used to classify traffic to or from Endpoints 122, apply policiesto traffic to or from Endpoints 122, define relationships betweenEndpoints 122, define roles of Endpoints 122 (e.g., whether an endpointconsumes or provides a service, etc.), apply rules to traffic to or fromEndpoints 122, apply filters or access control lists (ACLs) to trafficto or from Endpoints 122, define communication paths for traffic to orfrom Endpoints 122, enforce requirements associated with Endpoints 122,implement security and other configurations associated with Endpoints122, etc.

In an ACI environment, Logical Groups 118 can be EPGs used to definecontracts in the ACI. Contracts can include rules specifying what andhow communications between EPGs take place. For example, a contract candefine what provides a service, what consumes a service, and what policyobjects are related to that consumption relationship. A contract caninclude a policy that defines the communication path and all relatedelements of a communication or relationship between endpoints or EPGs.For example, a Web EPG can provide a service that a Client EPG consumes,and that consumption can be subject to a filter (ACL) and a servicegraph that includes one or more services, such as firewall inspectionservices and server load balancing.

FIG. 2A illustrates a diagram of an example schema of an SDN network,such as Network Environment 100. The schema can define objects,properties, and relationships associated with the SDN network. In thisexample, the schema is a Management Information Model 200 as furtherdescribed below. However, in other configurations and implementations,the schema can be a different model or specification associated with adifferent type of network.

The following discussion of Management Information Model 200 referencesvarious terms which shall also be used throughout the disclosure.Accordingly, for clarity, the disclosure shall first provide below alist of terminology, which will be followed by a more detaileddiscussion of Management Information Model 200.

As used herein, an “Alias” can refer to a changeable name for a givenobject. Even if the name of an object, once created, cannot be changed,the Alias can be a field that can be changed. The term “Aliasing” canrefer to a rule (e.g., contracts, policies, configurations, etc.) thatoverlaps other rules. For example, Contract 1 defined in a logical modelof a network can be said to be aliasing Contract 2 defined in thelogical model of the network if Contract 1 completely overlaps Contract2. In this example, by aliasing Contract 2, Contract 1 renders Contract2 redundant or inoperable. For example, if Contract 1 has a higherpriority than Contract 2, such aliasing can render Contract 2 redundantbased on Contract 1's overlapping and higher priority characteristics.

As used herein, the term “APIC” can refer to one or more controllers(e.g., Controllers 116) in an ACI framework. The APIC can provide aunified point of automation and management, policy programming,application deployment, health monitoring for an ACI multitenant fabric.The APIC can be implemented as a single controller, a distributedcontroller, or a replicated, synchronized, and/or clustered controller.

As used herein, the term “BDD” can refer to a binary decision diagramand the term “ROBDD” can refer to a reduced ordered binary decisiondiagram. A binary decision diagram or reduced ordered binary decisiondiagram can be a data structure representing variables and/or functions,such as Boolean functions.

As used herein, the term “BD” can refer to a bridge domain. A bridgedomain can be a set of logical ports that share the same flooding orbroadcast characteristics. Like a virtual LAN (VLAN), bridge domains canspan multiple devices. A bridge domain can be a Layer 2 construct.

As used herein, a “Consumer” can refer to an endpoint, resource, and/orEPG that consumes a service.

As used herein, a “Context” can refer to an address or network domain,such as a Layer 3 (L3) address domain. In some cases, a context canallow multiple instances of a routing table to exist and worksimultaneously. This increases functionality by allowing network pathsto be segmented without using multiple devices. Non-limiting examples ofa context can include a Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) instance, aprivate network, and so forth.

As used herein, the term “Contract” can refer to rules or configurationsthat specify what and how communications in a network are conducted(e.g., allowed, denied, filtered, processed, etc.). In an ACI network,contracts can specify how communications between endpoints and/or EPGstake place. In some examples, a contract can provide rules akin to anaccess control list.

As used herein, the term “Distinguished Name” (DN) can refer to a uniquename that describes an object, such as an MO, and locates its place inManagement Information Model 200. In some cases, the DN can be (orequate to) a Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN).

As used herein, the term “Endpoint Group” (EPG) can refer to a logicalentity or object associated with a collection or group of endoints aspreviously described with reference to FIG. 1B.

As used herein, the term “Filter” can refer to a parameter orconfiguration for allowing communications. For example, in a whitelistmodel where communications are blocked by default, a communication mustbe given explicit permission to prevent such communication from beingblocked. A filter can define permission(s) for one or morecommunications or packets. A filter can thus function similar to an ACLor Firewall rule. In some examples, a filter can be implemented in apacket (e.g., TCP/IP) header field, such as L3 protocol type, L4 (Layer4) ports, and so on, which is used to allow inbound or outboundcommunications between endpoints or EPGs, for example.

As used herein, the term “L2 Out” can refer to a bridged connection. Abridged connection can connect two or more segments of the same networkso that they can communicate. In an ACI framework, an L2 out can be abridged (Layer 2) connection between an ACI fabric (e.g., Fabric 120)and an outside Layer 2 network, such as a switch.

As used herein, the term “L3 Out” can refer to a routed connection. Arouted Layer 3 connection uses a set of protocols that determine thepath that data follows in order to travel across networks from itssource to its destination. Routed connections can perform forwarding(e.g., IP forwarding) according to a protocol selected, such as BGP(border gateway protocol), OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), EIGRP(Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), etc.

As used herein, the term “Managed Object” (MO) can refer to an abstractrepresentation of objects managed in a network (e.g., NetworkEnvironment 100). The objects can be concrete objects (e.g., a switch,server, adapter, etc.), or logical objects (e.g., an applicationprofile, an EPG, a fault, etc.).

As used herein, the term “Management Information Tree” (MIT) can referto a hierarchical management information tree containing the MOs of asystem. For example, in ACI, the MIT contains the MOs of the ACI fabric(e.g., Fabric 120). The MIT can also be referred to as a ManagementInformation Model (MIM), such as Management Information Model 200.

As used herein, the term “Policy” can refer to one or morespecifications for controlling some aspect of system or networkbehavior. For example, a policy can include a named entity that containsspecifications for controlling some aspect of system behavior. Toillustrate, a Layer 3 Outside Network Policy can contain the BGPprotocol to enable BGP routing functions when connecting Fabric 120 toan outside Layer 3 network.

As used herein, the term “Profile” can refer to the configurationdetails associated with a policy. For example, a profile can include anamed entity that contains the configuration details for implementingone or more instances of a policy. To illustrate, a switch node profilefor a routing policy can contain the switch-specific configurationdetails to implement the BGP routing protocol.

As used herein, the term “Provider” refers to an object or entityproviding a service. For example, a provider can be an EPG that providesa service.

As used herein, the term “Subject” refers to one or more parameters in acontract for defining communications. For example, in ACI, subjects in acontract can specify what information can be communicated and how.Subjects can function similar to ACLs.

As used herein, the term “Tenant” refers to a unit of isolation in anetwork. For example, a tenant can be a secure and exclusive computingenvironment. A tenant can be a unit of isolation from a policyperspective, but does not necessarily represent a private network.Indeed, ACI tenants can contain multiple private networks (e.g., VRFs).Tenants can represent a customer in a service provider setting, anorganization or domain in an enterprise setting, or just a grouping ofpolicies.

As used herein, the term “VRF” refers to a virtual routing andforwarding instance. The VRF can define a Layer 3 address domain thatallows multiple instances of a routing table to exist and worksimultaneously. This increases functionality by allowing network pathsto be segmented without using multiple devices. Also known as a contextor private network.

Having described various terms, the disclosure returns to a discussionof Management Information Model (MIM) 200 in FIG. 2A. As previouslynoted, MIM 200 can be a hierarchical management information tree or MIT.Moreover, MIM 200 can be managed and processed by Controllers 116, suchas APICs in an ACI. Controllers 116 can enable the control of managedresources by presenting their manageable characteristics as objectproperties that can be inherited according to the location of the objectwithin the hierarchical structure of the model.

The hierarchical structure of MIM 200 starts with Policy Universe 202 atthe top (Root) and contains parent and child nodes 116, 204, 206, 208,210, 212. Nodes 116, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212 in the tree representthe managed objects (MOs) or groups of objects. Each object in thefabric (e.g., Fabric 120) has a unique distinguished name (DN) thatdescribes the object and locates its place in the tree. The Nodes 116,202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212 can include the various MOs, as describedbelow, which contain policies that govern the operation of the system.

Controllers 116 (e.g., APIC controllers) can provide management, policyprogramming, application deployment, and health monitoring for Fabric120.

Node 204 includes a tenant container for policies that enable anadministrator to exercise domain-based access control. Non-limitingexamples of tenants can include:

-   -   User tenants defined by the administrator according to the needs        of users. They contain policies that govern the operation of        resources such as applications, databases, web servers,        network-attached storage, virtual machines, and so on.    -   A common tenant provided by the system but can be configured by        the administrator. It contains policies that govern the        operation of resources accessible to all tenants, such as        firewalls, load balancers, Layer 4 to Layer 7 services,        intrusion detection appliances, and so on.    -   An infrastructure tenant which can be provided by the system but        can be configured by the administrator. It contains policies        that govern the operation of infrastructure resources such as        the fabric overlay (e.g., VXLAN). It also enables a fabric        provider to selectively deploy resources to one or more user        tenants. Infrastructure tenant polices can be configurable by        the administrator.    -   A management tenant which can be provided by the system but can        be configured by the administrator. It contains policies that        govern the operation of fabric management functions used for        in-band and out-of-band configuration of fabric nodes. The        management tenant contains a private out-of-bound address space        for the Controller/Fabric internal communications that is        outside the fabric data path that provides access through the        management port of the switches. The management tenant enables        discovery and automation of communications with VM controllers.

Node 206 can contain access policies that govern the operation of switchaccess ports that provide connectivity to resources such as storage,compute, Layer 2 and Layer 3 (bridged and routed) connectivity, virtualmachine hypervisors, Layer 4 to Layer 7 devices, and so on. If a tenantrequires interface configurations other than those provided in thedefault link, Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP), Link Layer DiscoveryProtocol (LLDP), Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP), or SpanningTree Protocol (STP), an administrator can configure access policies toenable such configurations on the access ports of Leafs 104.

Node 206 can contain fabric policies that govern the operation of theswitch fabric ports, including such functions as Network Time Protocol(NTP) server synchronization, Intermediate System-to-Intermediate SystemProtocol (IS-IS), Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) route reflectors, DomainName System (DNS) and so on. The fabric MO contains objects such aspower supplies, fans, chassis, and so on.

Node 208 can contain VM domains that group VM controllers with similarnetworking policy requirements. VM controllers can share virtual space(e.g., VLAN or VXLAN space) and application EPGs. Controllers 116communicate with the VM controller to publish network configurationssuch as port groups that are then applied to the virtual workloads.

Node 210 can contain Layer 4 to Layer 7 service integration life cycleautomation framework that enables the system to dynamically respond whena service comes online or goes offline. Policies can provide servicedevice package and inventory management functions.

Node 212 can contain access, authentication, and accounting (AAA)policies that govern user privileges, roles, and security domains ofFabric 120.

The hierarchical policy model can fit well with an API, such as a RESTAPI interface. When invoked, the API can read from or write to objectsin the MIT. URLs can map directly into distinguished names that identifyobjects in the MIT. Data in the MIT can be described as a self-containedstructured tree text document encoded in XML or JSON, for example.

FIG. 2B illustrates an example object model 220 for a tenant portion ofMIM 200. As previously noted, a tenant is a logical container forapplication policies that enable an administrator to exercisedomain-based access control. A tenant thus represents a unit ofisolation from a policy perspective, but does not necessarily representa private network. Tenants can represent a customer in a serviceprovider setting, an organization or domain in an enterprise setting, orjust a convenient grouping of policies. Moreover, tenants can beisolated from one another or can share resources.

Tenant portion 204A of MIM 200 can include various entities, and theentities in Tenant Portion 204A can inherit policies from parententities. Non-limiting examples of entities in Tenant Portion 204A caninclude Filters 240, Contracts 236, Outside Networks 222, Bridge Domains230, VRF Instances 234, and Application Profiles 224.

Bridge Domains 230 can include Subnets 232. Contracts 236 can includeSubjects 238. Application Profiles 224 can contain one or more EPGs 226.Some applications can contain multiple components. For example, ane-commerce application could require a web server, a database server,data located in a storage area network, and access to outside resourcesthat enable financial transactions. Application Profile 224 contains asmany (or as few) EPGs as necessary that are logically related toproviding the capabilities of an application.

EPG 226 can be organized in various ways, such as based on theapplication they provide, the function they provide (such asinfrastructure), where they are in the the data center (such as DMZ), orwhatever organizing principle that a fabric or tenant administratorchooses to use.

EPGs in the fabric can contain various types of EPGs, such asapplication EPGs, Layer 2 external outside network instance EPGs, Layer3 external outside network instance EPGs, management EPGs forout-of-band or in-band access, etc. EPGs 226 can also contain Attributes228, such as encapsulation-based EPGs, IP-based EPGs, or MAC-based EPGs.

As previously mentioned, EPGs can contain endpoints (e.g., EPs 122) thathave common characteristics or attributes, such as common policyrequirements (e.g., security, virtual machine mobility (VMM), QoS, orLayer 4 to Layer 7 services). Rather than configure and manage endpointsindividually, they can be placed in an EPG and managed as a group.

Policies apply to EPGs, including the endpoints they contain. An EPG canbe statically configured by an administrator in Controllers 116, ordynamically configured by an automated system such as VCENTER orOPENSTACK.

To activate tenant policies in Tenant Portion 204A, fabric accesspolicies should be configured and associated with tenant policies.Access policies enable an administrator to configure other networkconfigurations, such as port channels and virtual port channels,protocols such as LLDP, CDP, or LACP, and features such as monitoring ordiagnostics.

FIG. 2C illustrates an example Association 260 of tenant entities andaccess entities in MIM 200. Policy Universe 202 contains Tenant Portion204A and Access Portion 206A. Thus, Tenant Portion 204A and AccessPortion 206A are associated through Policy Universe 202.

Access Portion 206A can contain fabric and infrastructure accesspolicies. Typically, in a policy model, EPGs are coupled with VLANs. Fortraffic to flow, an EPG is deployed on a leaf port with a VLAN in aphysical, VMM, L2 out, L3 out, or Fiber Channel domain, for example.

Access Portion 206A thus contains Domain Profile 236 which can define aphysical, VMM, L2 out, L3 out, or Fiber Channel domain, for example, tobe associated to the EPGs. Domain Profile 236 contains VLAN InstanceProfile 238 (e.g., VLAN pool) and Attacheable Access Entity Profile(AEP) 240, which are associated directly with application EPGs. The AEP240 deploys the associated application EPGs to the ports to which it isattached, and automates the task of assigning VLANs. While a large datacenter can have thousands of active VMs provisioned on hundreds ofVLANs, Fabric 120 can automatically assign VLAN IDs from VLAN pools.This saves time compared with trunking down VLANs in a traditional datacenter.

FIG. 2D illustrates a schematic diagram of example models for a network,such as Network Environment 100. The models can be generated based onspecific configurations and/or network state parameters associated withvarious objects, policies, properties, and elements defined in MIM 200.The models can be implemented for network analysis and assurance, andmay provide a depiction of the network at various stages ofimplementation and levels of the network.

As illustrated, the models can include L_Model 270A (Logical Model),LR_Model 270B (Logical Rendered Model or Logical Runtime Model),Li_Model 272 (Logical Model for i), Ci_Model 274 (Concrete model for i),and/or Hi_Model 276 (Hardware Model for i).

L_Model 270A is the logical representation of various elements in MIM200 as configured in a network (e.g., Network Environment 100), such asobjects, object properties, object relationships, and other elements inMIM 200 as configured in a network. L_Model 270A can be generated byControllers 116 based on configurations entered in Controllers 116 forthe network, and thus represents the logical configuration of thenetwork at Controllers 116. This is the declaration of the “end-state”expression that is desired when the elements of the network entities(e.g., applications, tenants, etc.) are connected and Fabric 120 isprovisioned by Controllers 116. Because L_Model 270A represents theconfigurations entered in Controllers 116, including the objects andrelationships in MIM 200, it can also reflect the “intent” of theadministrator: how the administrator wants the network and networkelements to behave.

L_Model 270A can be a fabric or network-wide logical model. For example,L_Model 270A can account configurations and objects from each ofControllers 116. As previously explained, Network Environment 100 caninclude multiple Controllers 116. In some cases, two or more Controllers116 may include different configurations or logical models for thenetwork. In such cases, L_Model 270A can obtain any of theconfigurations or logical models from Controllers 116 and generate afabric or network wide logical model based on the configurations andlogical models from all Controllers 116. L_Model 270A can thusincorporate configurations or logical models between Controllers 116 toprovide a comprehensive logical model. L_Model 270A can also address oraccount for any dependencies, redundancies, conflicts, etc., that mayresult from the configurations or logical models at the differentControllers 116.

LR_Model 270B is the abstract model expression that Controllers 116(e.g., APICs in ACI) resolve from L_Model 270A. LR_Model 270B canprovide the configuration components that would be delivered to thephysical infrastructure (e.g., Fabric 120) to execute one or morepolicies. For example, LR_Model 270B can be delivered to Leafs 104 inFabric 120 to configure Leafs 104 for communication with attachedEndpoints 122. LR_Model 270B can also incorporate state information tocapture a runtime state of the network (e.g., Fabric 120).

In some cases, LR_Model 270B can provide a representation of L_Model270A that is normalized according to a specific format or expressionthat can be propagated to, and/or understood by, the physicalinfrastructure of Fabric 120 (e.g., Leafs 104, Spines 102, etc.). Forexample, LR_Model 270B can associate the elements in L_Model 270A withspecific identifiers or tags that can be interpreted and/or compiled bythe switches in Fabric 120, such as hardware plane identifiers used asclassifiers.

Li_Model 272 is a switch-level or switch-specific model obtained fromL_Model 270A and/or LR_Model 270B. Li_Model 272 can project L_Model 270Aand/or LR_Model 270B on a specific switch or device i, and thus canconvey how L_Model 270A and/or LR_Model 270B should appear or beimplemented at the specific switch or device i.

For example, Li_Model 272 can project L_Model 270A and/or LR_Model 270Bpertaining to a switch i to capture a switch-level representation ofL_Model 270A and/or LR_Model 270B at switch i. To illustrate, Li_Model272 L₁ can represent L_Model 270A and/or LR_Model 270B projected to, orimplemented at, Leaf 1 (104). Thus, Li_Model 272 can be generated fromL_Model 270A and/or LR_Model 270B for individual devices (e.g., Leafs104) on Fabric 120.

In some cases, Li_Model 272 can be represented using JSON (JavaScriptObject Notation). For example, Li_Model 272 can include JSON objects,such as Rules, Filters, Entries, and Scopes.

Ci_Model 274 is the actual in-state configuration at the individualfabric member i (e.g., switch i). In other words, Ci_Model 274 is aswitch-level or switch-specific model that is based on Li_Model 272. Forexample, Controllers 116 can deliver Li_Model 272 to Leaf 1 (104). Leaf1 (104) can take Li_Model 272, which can be specific to Leaf 1 (104),and render the policies in Li_Model 272 into a concrete model, Ci_Model274, that runs on Leaf 1 (104). Leaf 1 (104) can render Li_Model 272 viathe OS on Leaf 1 (104), for example. Thus, Ci_Model 274 can be analogousto compiled software, as it is the form of Li_Model 272 that the switchOS at Leaf 1 (104) can execute.

In some cases, Li_Model 272 and Ci_Model 274 can have a same or similarformat. For example, Li_Model 272 and Ci_Model 274 can be based on JSONobjects. Having the same or similar format can facilitate objects inLi_Model 272 and Ci_Model 274 to be compared for equivalence orcongruence. Such equivalence or congruence checks can be used fornetwork analysis and assurance, as further described herein.

Hi_Model 276 is also a switch-level or switch-specific model for switchi, but is based on Ci_Model 274 for switch i. Hi_Model 276 is the actualconfiguration (e.g., rules) stored or rendered on the hardware or memory(e.g., TCAM memory) at the individual fabric member i (e.g., switch i).For example, Hi_Model 276 can represent the configurations (e.g., rules)which Leaf 1 (104) stores or renders on the hardware (e.g., TCAM memory)of Leaf 1 (104) based on Ci_Model 274 at Leaf 1 (104). The switch OS atLeaf 1 (104) can render or execute Ci_Model 274, and Leaf 1 (104) canstore or render the configurations from Ci_Model 274 in storage, such asthe TCAM at Leaf 1 (104). The configurations from Hi_Model 276 stored orrendered by Leaf 1 (104) represent the configurations that will beimplemented by Leaf 1 (104) when processing traffic.

While Models 272, 274, 276 are shown as device-specific models, similarmodels can be generated or aggregated for a collection of fabric members(e.g., Leafs 104 and/or Spines 102) in Fabric 120. When combined,device-specific models, such as Model 272, Model 274, and/or Model 276,can provide a representation of Fabric 120 that extends beyond aparticular device. For example, in some cases, Li_Model 272, Ci_Model274, and/or Hi_Model 276 associated with some or all individual fabricmembers (e.g., Leafs 104 and Spines 102) can be combined or aggregatedto generate one or more aggregated models based on the individual fabricmembers.

As referenced herein, the terms H Model, T Model, and TCAM Model can beused interchangeably to refer to a hardware model, such as Hi_Model 276.For example, Ti Model, Hi Model and TCAMi Model may be usedinterchangeably to refer to Hi_Model 276.

Models 270A, 270B, 272, 274, 276 can provide representations of variousaspects of the network or various configuration stages for MIM 200. Forexample, one or more of Models 270A, 270B, 272, 274, 276 can be used togenerate Underlay Model 278 representing one or more aspects of Fabric120 (e.g., underlay topology, routing, etc.), Overlay Model 280representing one or more aspects of the overlay or logical segment(s) ofNetwork Environment 100 (e.g., COOP, MPBGP, tenants, VRFs, VLANs,VXLANs, virtual applications, VMs, hypervisors, virtual switching,etc.), Tenant Model 282 representing one or more aspects of Tenantportion 204A in MIM 200 (e.g., security, forwarding, service chaining,QoS, VRFs, BDs, Contracts, Filters, EPGs, subnets, etc.), ResourcesModel 284 representing one or more resources in Network Environment 100(e.g., storage, computing, VMs, port channels, physical elements, etc.),etc.

In general, L_Model 270A can be the high-level expression of what existsin the LR_Model 270B, which should be present on the concrete devices asCi_Model 274 and Hi_Model 276 expression. If there is a gap betweenmodels, there may be inconsistent configurations or problems.

FIG. 3A illustrates a diagram of an example Assurance Appliance System300 for network assurance. In this example, Assurance Appliance System300 can include k Resources 110 (e.g., VMs) operating in cluster mode.Resources 110 can refer to VMs, software containers, bare metal devices,Endpoints 122, or any other physical or logical systems or components.It should be noted that, while FIG. 3A illustrates a cluster modeconfiguration, other configurations are also contemplated herein, suchas a single mode configuration (e.g., single VM, container, or server)or a service chain for example.

Assurance Appliance System 300 can run on one or more Servers 106,Resources 110, Hypervisors 108, EPs 122, Leafs 104, Controllers 116, orany other system or resource. For example, Assurance Appliance System300 can be a logical service or application running on one or moreResources 110 in Network Environment 100.

The Assurance Appliance System 300 can include Data Framework 308 (e.g.,APACHE APEX, HADOOP, HDFS, ZOOKEEPER, etc.). In some cases, assurancechecks can be written as, or provided by, individual operators thatreside in Data Framework 308. This enables a natively horizontalscale-out architecture that can scale to arbitrary number of switches inFabric 120 (e.g., ACI fabric).

Assurance Appliance System 300 can poll Fabric 120 at a configurableperiodicity (e.g., an epoch). In some examples, the analysis workflowcan be setup as a DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) of Operators 310, wheredata flows from one operator to another and eventually results aregenerated and persisted to Database 302 for each interval (e.g., eachepoch).

The north-tier implements API Server (e.g., APACHE TOMCAT, SPRINGframework, etc.) 304 and Web Server 306. A graphical user interface(GUI) interacts via the APIs exposed to the customer. These APIs canalso be used by the customer to collect data from Assurance ApplianceSystem 300 for further integration into other tools.

Operators 310 in Data Framework 308 can together support assuranceoperations. Below are non-limiting examples of assurance operations thatcan be performed by Assurance Appliance System 300 via Operators 310.

Security Policy Adherence

Assurance Appliance System 300 can check to make sure the configurationsor specification from L_Model 270A, which may reflect the user's intentfor the network, including for example the security policies andcontracts, are correctly implemented and/or rendered in Li_Model 272,Ci_Model 274, and Hi_Model 276, and thus properly implemented andrendered by the fabric members (e.g., Leafs 104), and report any errors,contract violations, or irregularities found.

Static Policy Analysis

Assurance Appliance System 300 can check for issues in the specificationof the user's intent or intents (e.g., identify contradictory orconflicting policies in L_Model 270A). Assurance Appliance System 300can identify lint events based on the intent specification of a network.The lint and policy analysis can include semantic and/or syntacticchecks of the intent specification(s) of a network.

TCAM Utilization

TCAM is a scarce resource in the fabric (e.g., Fabric 120). However,Assurance Appliance System 300 can analyze the TCAM utilization by thenetwork data (e.g., Longest Prefix Match (LPM) tables, routing tables,VLAN tables, BGP updates, etc.), Contracts, Logical Groups 118 (e.g.,EPGs), Tenants, Spines 102, Leafs 104, and other dimensions in NetworkEnvironment 100 and/or objects in MIM 200, to provide a network operatoror user visibility into the utilization of this scarce resource. Thiscan greatly help for planning and other optimization purposes.

Endpoint Checks

Assurance Appliance System 300 can validate that the fabric (e.g. fabric120) has no inconsistencies in the Endpoint information registered(e.g., two leafs announcing the same endpoint, duplicate subnets, etc.),among other such checks.

Tenant Routing Checks

Assurance Appliance System 300 can validate that BDs, VRFs, subnets(both internal and external), VLANs, contracts, filters, applications,EPGs, etc., are correctly programmed.

Infrastructure Routing

Assurance Appliance System 300 can validate that infrastructure routing(e.g., IS-IS protocol) has no convergence issues leading to black holes,loops, flaps, and other problems.

MP-BGP Route Reflection Checks

The network fabric (e.g., Fabric 120) can interface with other externalnetworks and provide connectivity to them via one or more protocols,such as Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF),etc. The learned routes are advertised within the network fabric via,for example, MP-BGP. These checks can ensure that a route reflectionservice via, for example, MP-BGP (e.g., from Border Leaf) does not havehealth issues.

Logical Lint and Real-Time Change Analysis

Assurance Appliance System 300 can validate rules in the specificationof the network (e.g., L_Model 270A) are complete and do not haveinconsistencies or other problems. MOs in the MIM 200 can be checked byAssurance Appliance System 300 through syntactic and semantic checksperformed on L_Model 270A and/or the associated configurations of theMOs in MIM 200. Assurance Appliance System 300 can also verify thatunnecessary, stale, unused or redundant configurations, such ascontracts, are removed.

FIG. 3B illustrates an architectural diagram of an example system 350for network assurance, such as Assurance Appliance System 300. In somecases, system 350 can correspond to the DAG of Operators 310 previouslydiscussed with respect to FIG. 3A

In this example, Topology Explorer 312 communicates with Controllers 116(e.g., APIC controllers) in order to discover or otherwise construct acomprehensive topological view of Fabric 120 (e.g., Spines 102, Leafs104, Controllers 116, Endpoints 122, and any other components as well astheir interconnections). While various architectural components arerepresented in a singular, boxed fashion, it is understood that a givenarchitectural component, such as Topology Explorer 312, can correspondto one or more individual Operators 310 and may include one or morenodes or endpoints, such as one or more servers, VMs, containers,applications, service functions (e.g., functions in a service chain orvirtualized network function), etc.

Topology Explorer 312 is configured to discover nodes in Fabric 120,such as Controllers 116, Leafs 104, Spines 102, etc. Topology Explorer312 can additionally detect a majority election performed amongstControllers 116, and determine whether a quorum exists amongstControllers 116. If no quorum or majority exists, Topology Explorer 312can trigger an event and alert a user that a configuration or othererror exists amongst Controllers 116 that is preventing a quorum ormajority from being reached. Topology Explorer 312 can detect Leafs 104and Spines 102 that are part of Fabric 120 and publish theircorresponding out-of-band management network addresses (e.g., IPaddresses) to downstream services. This can be part of the topologicalview that is published to the downstream services at the conclusion ofTopology Explorer's 312 discovery epoch (e.g., 5 minutes, or some otherspecified interval).

In some examples, Topology Explorer 312 can receive as input a list ofControllers 116 (e.g., APIC controllers) that are associated with thenetwork/fabric (e.g., Fabric 120). Topology Explorer 312 can alsoreceive corresponding credentials to login to each controller. TopologyExplorer 312 can retrieve information from each controller using, forexample, REST calls. Topology Explorer 312 can obtain from eachcontroller a list of nodes (e.g., Leafs 104 and Spines 102), and theirassociated properties, that the controller is aware of. TopologyExplorer 312 can obtain node information from Controllers 116 including,without limitation, an IP address, a node identifier, a node name, anode domain, a node URI, a node_dm, a node role, a node version, etc.

Topology Explorer 312 can also determine if Controllers 116 are inquorum, or are sufficiently communicatively coupled amongst themselves.For example, if there are n controllers, a quorum condition might be metwhen (n/2+1) controllers are aware of each other and/or arecommunicatively coupled. Topology Explorer 312 can make thedetermination of a quorum (or identify any failed nodes or controllers)by parsing the data returned from the controllers, and identifyingcommunicative couplings between their constituent nodes. TopologyExplorer 312 can identify the type of each node in the network, e.g.spine, leaf, APIC, etc., and include this information in the topologyinformation generated (e.g., topology map or model).

If no quorum is present, Topology Explorer 312 can trigger an event andalert a user that reconfiguration or suitable attention is required. Ifa quorum is present, Topology Explorer 312 can compile the networktopology information into a JSON object and pass it downstream to otheroperators or services, such as Unified Collector 314.

Unified Collector 314 can receive the topological view or model fromTopology Explorer 312 and use the topology information to collectinformation for network assurance from Fabric 120. Unified Collector 314can poll nodes (e.g., Controllers 116, Leafs 104, Spines 102, etc.) inFabric 120 to collect information from the nodes.

Unified Collector 314 can include one or more collectors (e.g.,collector devices, operators, applications, VMs, etc.) configured tocollect information from Topology Explorer 312 and/or nodes in Fabric120. For example, Unified Collector 314 can include a cluster ofcollectors, and each of the collectors can be assigned to a subset ofnodes within the topological model and/or Fabric 120 in order to collectinformation from their assigned subset of nodes. For performance,Unified Collector 314 can run in a parallel, multi-threaded fashion.

Unified Collector 314 can perform load balancing across collectors inorder to streamline the efficiency of the overall collection process.Load balancing can be optimized by managing the distribution of subsetsof nodes to collectors, for example by randomly hashing nodes tocollectors.

In some cases, Assurance Appliance System 300 can run multiple instancesof Unified Collector 314. This can also allow Assurance Appliance System300 to distribute the task of collecting data for each node in thetopology (e.g., Fabric 120 including Spines 102, Leafs 104, Controllers116, etc.) via sharding and/or load balancing, and map collection tasksand/or nodes to a particular instance of Unified Collector 314 with datacollection across nodes being performed in parallel by various instancesof Unified Collector 314. Within a given node, commands and datacollection can be executed serially. Assurance Appliance System 300 cancontrol the number of threads used by each instance of Unified Collector314 to poll data from Fabric 120.

Unified Collector 314 can collect models (e.g., L_Model 270A and/orLR_Model 270B) from Controllers 116, switch software configurations andmodels (e.g., Ci_Model 274) from nodes (e.g., Leafs 104 and/or Spines102) in Fabric 120, hardware configurations and models (e.g., Hi_Model276) from nodes (e.g., Leafs 104 and/or Spines 102) in Fabric 120, etc.Unified Collector 314 can collect Ci_Model 274 and Hi_Model 276 fromindividual nodes or fabric members, such as Leafs 104 and Spines 102,and L_Model 270A and/or LR_Model 270B from one or more controllers(e.g., Controllers 116) in Network Environment 100.

Unified Collector 314 can poll devices that Topology Explorer 312discovers to collect data from Fabric 120 (e.g., from the constituentmembers of the fabric). Unified Collector 314 can collect the data usinginterfaces exposed by Controllers 116 and/or switch software (e.g.,switch OS), including, for example, a Representation State TransferInterface and a Secure Shell Interface.

In some cases, Unified Collector 314 collects L_Model 270A, LR_Model270B, and/or Ci_Model 274 via a REST API, and the hardware information(e.g., configurations, tables, fabric card information, rules, routes,etc.) via SSH using utilities provided by the switch software, such asvirtual shell (VSH or VSHELL) for accessing the switch command-lineinterface (CLI) or VSH_LC shell for accessing runtime state of the linecard.

Unified Collector 314 can poll other information from Controllers 116,including, without limitation: topology information, tenantforwarding/routing information, tenant security policies, contracts,interface policies, physical domain or VMM domain information, OOB(out-of-band) management IP's of nodes in the fabric, etc.

Unified Collector 314 can poll information from nodes (e.g., Leafs 104and Spines 102) in Fabric 120, including without limitation: Ci_Models274 for VLANs, BDs, and security policies; Link Layer Discovery Protocol(LLDP) information of nodes (e.g., Leafs 104 and/or Spines 102);endpoint information from EPM/COOP; fabric card information from Spines102; routing information base (RIB) tables from nodes in Fabric 120;security group hardware tables (e.g., TCAM tables) from nodes in Fabric120; etc.

In some cases, Unified Collector 314 can obtain runtime state from thenetwork and incorporate runtime state information into L_Model 270Aand/or LR_Model 270B. Unified Collector 314 can also obtain multiplelogical models from Controllers 116 and generate a comprehensive ornetwork-wide logical model (e.g., L_Model 270A and/or LR_Model 270B)based on the logical models. Unified Collector 314 can compare logicalmodels from Controllers 116, resolve dependencies, remove redundancies,etc., and generate a single L_Model 270A and/or LR_Model 270B for theentire network or fabric.

Unified Collector 314 can collect the entire network state acrossControllers 116 and fabric nodes or members (e.g., Leafs 104 and/orSpines 102). For example, Unified Collector 314 can use a REST interfaceand an SSH interface to collect the network state. This informationcollected by Unified Collector 314 can include data relating to the linklayer, VLANs, BDs, VRFs, security policies, etc. The state informationcan be represented in LR_Model 270B, as previously mentioned. UnifiedCollector 314 can then publish the collected information and models toany downstream operators that are interested in or require suchinformation. Unified Collector 314 can publish information as it isreceived, such that data is streamed to the downstream operators.

Data collected by Unified Collector 314 can be compressed and sent todownstream services. In some examples, Unified Collector 314 can collectdata in an online or real-time fashion, and send the data downstream asit is collected for further analysis. In some examples, UnifiedCollector 314 can collect data in an offline fashion, and compile thedata for later analysis or transmission.

Assurance Appliance System 300 can contact Controllers 116, Spines 102,Leafs 104, and other nodes to collect various types of data. In somescenarios, Assurance Appliance System 300 may experience a failure(e.g., connectivity problem, hardware or software error, etc.) thatprevents it from being able to collect data for a period of time.Assurance Appliance System 300 can handle such failures seamlessly, andgenerate events based on such failures.

Switch Logical Policy Generator 316 can receive L_Model 270A and/orLR_Model 270B from Unified Collector 314 and calculate Li_Model 272 foreach network device i (e.g., switch i) in Fabric 120. For example,Switch Logical Policy Generator 316 can receive L_Model 270A and/orLR_Model 270B and generate Li_Model 272 by projecting a logical modelfor each individual node i (e.g., Spines 102 and/or Leafs 104) in Fabric120. Switch Logical Policy Generator 316 can generate Li_Model 272 foreach switch in Fabric 120, thus creating a switch logical model based onL_Model 270A and/or LR_Model 270B for each switch.

Each Li_Model 272 can represent L_Model 270A and/or LR_Model 270B asprojected or applied at a network device i (e.g., switch i) in Fabric120. In some cases, Li_Model 272 can be normalized or formatted in amanner that is compatible with the network device. For example, Li_Model272 can be formatted in a manner that can be read or executed by thenetwork device. To illustrate, Li_Model 272 can included specificidentifiers (e.g., hardware plane identifiers used by Controllers 116 asclassifiers, etc.) or tags (e.g., policy group tags) that can beinterpreted by the respective network device. In some cases, Li_Model272 can include JSON objects. For example, Li_Model 272 can include JSONobjects to represent rules, filters, entries, scopes, etc.

The format used for Li_Model 272 can be the same as, or consistent with,the format of Ci_Model 274. For example, both Li_Model 272 and Ci_Model274 may be based on JSON objects. Similar or matching formats can enableLi_Model 272 and Ci_Model 274 to be compared for equivalence orcongruence. Such equivalency checks can aid in network analysis andassurance as further explained herein.

Switch Logical Configuration Generator 316 can also perform changeanalysis and generate lint events or records for problems discovered inL_Model 270A and/or LR_Model 270B. The lint events or records can beused to generate alerts for a user or network operator.

Policy Operator 318 can receive Ci_Model 274 and Hi_Model 276 for eachswitch from Unified Collector 314, and Li_Model 272 for each switch fromSwitch Logical Policy Generator 316, and perform assurance checks andanalysis (e.g., security adherence checks, TCAM utilization analysis,etc.) based on Ci_Model 274, Hi_Model 276, and Li_Model 272. PolicyOperator 318 can perform assurance checks on a switch-by-switch basis bycomparing one or more models.

Returning to Unified Collector 314, Unified Collector 314 can also sendL_Model 270A and/or LR_Model 270B to Routing Policy Parser 320, andCi_Model 274 and Hi_Model 276 to Routing Parser 326.

Routing Policy Parser 320 can receive L_Model 270A and/or LR_Model 270Band parse the model(s) for information that may be relevant todownstream operators, such as Endpoint Checker 322 and Tenant RoutingChecker 324. Similarly, Routing Parser 326 can receive Ci_Model 274 andHi_Model 276 and parse each model for information for downstreamoperators, Endpoint Checker 322 and Tenant Routing Checker 324.

After Ci_Model 274, Hi_Model 276, L_Model 270A and/or LR_Model 270B areparsed, Routing Policy Parser 320 and/or Routing Parser 326 can sendcleaned-up protocol buffers (Proto Buffs) to the downstream operators,Endpoint Checker 322 and Tenant Routing Checker 324. Endpoint Checker322 can then generate events related to Endpoint violations, such asduplicate IPs, APIPA, etc., and Tenant Routing Checker 324 can generateevents related to the deployment of BDs, VRFs, subnets, routing tableprefixes, etc.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example diagram 400 for constructing node-specificlogical networks (e.g., Li_Models 272) based on a Logical Model 270 of anetwork, such as Network Environment 100. Logical Model 270 can includeL_Model 270A and/or LR_Model 270B, as shown in FIG. 2D. Logical Model270 can include objects and configurations of the network to be pushedto the devices in Fabric 120, such as Leafs 104. Logical Model 270 canprovide a network-wide representation of the network. Thus, LogicalModel 270 can be used to construct a Node-Specific Logical Model (e.g.,Li_Model 272) for nodes in Fabric 120 (e.g., Leafs 104).

Logical Model 270 can be adapted for each of the nodes (e.g., Leafs 104)in order to generate a respective logical model for each node, whichrepresents, and/or corresponds to, the portion(s) and/or informationfrom Logical Model 270 that is pertinent to the node, and/or theportion(s) and/or information from Logical Model 270 that should be,and/or is, pushed, stored, and/or rendered at the node. Each of theNode-Specific Logical Models, Li_Model 272, can contain those objects,properties, configurations, data, etc., from Logical Model 270 thatpertain to the specific node, including any portion(s) from LogicalModel 270 projected or rendered on the specific node when thenetwork-wide intent specified by Logical Model 270 is propagated orprojected to the individual node. In other words, to carry out theintent specified in Logical Model 270, the individual nodes (e.g., Leafs104) can implement respective portions of Logical Model 270 such thattogether, the individual nodes can carry out the intent specified inLogical Model 270.

FIG. 5A illustrates a schematic diagram of an example system for policyanalysis in a network (e.g., Network Environment 100). Policy Analyzer504 can perform assurance checks to detect configuration violations,logical lint events, contradictory or conflicting policies, unusedcontracts, incomplete configurations, routing checks, rendering errors,incorrect rules, etc. Policy Analyzer 504 can check the specification ofthe user's intent or intents in L_Model 270A (or Logical Model 270 asshown in FIG. 4) to determine if any configurations in Controllers 116are inconsistent with the specification of the user's intent or intents.

Policy Analyzer 504 can include one or more of the Operators 310executed or hosted in Assurance Appliance System 300. However, in otherconfigurations, Policy Analyzer 504 can run one or more operators orengines that are separate from Operators 310 and/or Assurance ApplianceSystem 300. For example, Policy Analyzer 504 can be implemented via aVM, a software container, a cluster of VMs or software containers, anendpoint, a collection of endpoints, a service function chain, etc., anyof which may be separate from Assurance Appliance System 300.

Policy Analyzer 504 can receive as input Logical Model Collection 502,which can include Logical Model 270 as shown in FIG. 4; and/or L_Model270A, LR_Model 270B, and/or Li_Model 272 as shown in FIG. 2D. PolicyAnalyzer 504 can also receive as input Rules 508. Rules 508 can bedefined, for example, per feature (e.g., per object, per objectproperty, per contract, per rule, etc.) in one or more logical modelsfrom the Logical Model Collection 502. Rules 508 can be based onobjects, relationships, definitions, configurations, and any otherfeatures in MIM 200. Rules 508 can specify conditions, relationships,parameters, and/or any other information for identifying configurationviolations or issues.

Rules 508 can include information for identifying syntactic violationsor issues. For example, Rules 508 can include one or more statementsand/or conditions for performing syntactic checks. Syntactic checks canverify that the configuration of a logical model and/or the LogicalModel Collection 502 is complete, and can help identify configurationsor rules from the logical model and/or the Logical Model Collection 502that are not being used. Syntactic checks can also verify that theconfigurations in the hierarchical MIM 200 have been properly orcompletely defined in the Logical Model Collection 502, and identify anyconfigurations that are defined but not used. To illustrate, Rules 508can specify that every tenant defined in the Logical Model Collection502 should have a context configured; every contract in the LogicalModel Collection 502 should specify a provider EPG and a consumer EPG;every contract in the Logical Model Collection 502 should specify asubject, filter, and/or port; etc.

Rules 508 can also include information for performing semantic checksand identifying semantic violations. Semantic checks can checkconflicting rules or configurations. For example, Rule1 and Rule2 canoverlap and create aliasing issues, Rule1 can be more specific thanRule2 and result in conflicts, Rule1 can mask Rule2 or inadvertentlyoverrule Rule2 based on respective priorities, etc. Thus, Rules 508 candefine conditions which may result in aliased rules, conflicting rules,etc. To illustrate, Rules 508 can indicate that an allow policy for acommunication between two objects may conflict with a deny policy forthe same communication between two objects if the allow policy has ahigher priority than the deny policy. Rules 508 can indicate that a rulefor an object renders another rule unnecessary due to aliasing and/orpriorities. As another example, Rules 508 can indicate that a QoS policyin a contract conflicts with a QoS rule stored on a node.

Policy Analyzer 504 can apply Rules 508 to the Logical Model Collection502 to check configurations in the Logical Model Collection 502 andoutput Configuration Violation Events 506 (e.g., alerts, logs,notifications, etc.) based on any issues detected. ConfigurationViolation Events 506 can include semantic or semantic problems, such asincomplete configurations, conflicting configurations, aliased rules,unused configurations, errors, policy violations, misconfigured objects,incomplete configurations, incorrect contract scopes, improper objectrelationships, etc.

In some cases, Policy Analyzer 504 can iteratively traverse each node ina tree generated based on the Logical Model Collection 502 and/or MIM200, and apply Rules 508 at each node in the tree to determine if anynodes yield a violation (e.g., incomplete configuration, improperconfiguration, unused configuration, etc.). Policy Analyzer 504 canoutput Configuration Violation Events 506 when it detects anyviolations.

FIG. 5B illustrates an example equivalency diagram 510 of networkmodels. In this example, the Logical Model 270 can be compared with theHi_Model 276 obtained from one or more Leafs 104 in the Fabric 120. Thiscomparison can provide an equivalency check in order to determinewhether the logical configuration of the Network Environment 100 at theController(s) 116 is consistent with, or conflicts with, the rulesrendered on the one or more Leafs 104 (e.g., rules and/or configurationsin storage, such as TCAM). For explanation purposes, Logical Model 270and Hi_Model 276 are illustrated as the models compared in theequivalency check example in FIG. 5B. However, it should be noted that,in other examples, other models can be checked to perform an equivalencycheck for those models. For example, an equivalency check can compareLogical Model 270 with Ci_Model 274 and/or Hi_Model 276, Li_Model 272with Ci_Model 274 and/or Hi_Model 276, Ci_Model 274 with Hi_Model 276,etc.

Equivalency checks can identify whether the network operator'sconfigured intent is consistent with the network's actual behavior, aswell as whether information propagated between models and/or devices inthe network is consistent, conflicts, contains errors, etc. For example,a network operator can define objects and configurations for NetworkEnvironment 100 from Controller(s) 116. Controller(s) 116 can store thedefinitions and configurations from the network operator and construct alogical model (e.g., L_Model 270A) of the Network Environment 100. TheController(s) 116 can push the definitions and configurations providedby the network operator and reflected in the logical model to each ofthe nodes (e.g., Leafs 104) in the Fabric 120. In some cases, theController(s) 116 may push a node-specific version of the logical model(e.g., Li_Model 272) that reflects the information in the logical modelof the network (e.g., L_Model 270A) pertaining to that node.

The nodes in the Fabric 120 can receive such information and render orcompile rules on the node's software (e.g., Operating System). Therules/configurations rendered or compiled on the node's software can beconstructed into a Construct Model (e.g., Ci_Model 274). The rules fromthe Construct Model can then be pushed from the node's software to thenode's hardware (e.g., TCAM) and stored or rendered as rules on thenode's hardware. The rules stored or rendered on the node's hardware canbe constructed into a Hardware Model (e.g., Hi_Model 276) for the node.

The various models (e.g., Logical Model 270 and Hi_Model 276) can thusrepresent the rules and configurations at each stage (e.g., intentspecification at Controller(s) 116, rendering or compiling on the node'ssoftware, rendering or storing on the node's hardware, etc.) as thedefinitions and configurations entered by the network operator arepushed through each stage. Accordingly, an equivalency check of variousmodels, such as Logical Model 270 and Hi_Model 276, Li_Model 272 andCi_Model 274 or Hi_Model 276, Ci_Model 274 and Hi_Model 276, etc., canbe used to determine whether the definitions and configurations havebeen properly pushed, rendered, and/or stored at any stage associatedwith the various models.

If the models pass the equivalency check, then the definitions andconfigurations at checked stage (e.g., Controller(s) 116, software onthe node, hardware on the node, etc.) can be verified as accurate andconsistent. By contrast, if there is an error in the equivalency check,then a misconfiguration can be detected at one or more specific stages.The equivalency check between various models can also be used todetermine where (e.g., at which stage) the problem or misconfigurationhas occurred. For example, the stage where the problem ormisconfiguration occurred can be ascertained based on which model(s)fail the equivalency check.

The Logical Model 270 and Hi_Model 276 can store or render the rules,configurations, properties, definitions, etc., in a respective structure512A, 512B. For example, Logical Model 270 can store or render rules,configurations, objects, properties, etc., in a data structure 512A,such as a file or object (e.g., JSON, XML, etc.), and Hi_Model 276 canstore or render rules, configurations, etc., in a storage 512B, such asTCAM memory. The structure 512A, 512B associated with Logical Model 270and Hi_Model 276 can influence the format, organization, type, etc., ofthe data (e.g., rules, configurations, properties, definitions, etc.)stored or rendered.

For example, Logical Model 270 can store the data as objects and objectproperties 514A, such as EPGs, contracts, filters, tenants, contexts,BDs, network wide parameters, etc. The Hi_Model 276 can store the dataas values and tables 514B, such as value/mask pairs, range expressions,auxiliary tables, etc.

As a result, the data in Logical Model 270 and Hi_Model 276 can benormalized, canonized, diagramed, modeled, re-formatted, flattened,etc., to perform an equivalency between Logical Model 270 and Hi_Model276. For example, the data can be converted using bit vectors, Booleanfunctions, ROBDDs, etc., to perform a mathematical check of equivalencybetween Logical Model 270 and Hi_Model 276.

FIG. 5C illustrates example Architecture 520 for performing equivalencechecks of models. Rather than employing brute force to determine theequivalence of input models, the network models can instead berepresented as specific data structures, such as Reduced Ordered BinaryDecision Diagrams (ROBDDs) and/or bit vectors. In this example, inputmodels are represented as ROBDDs, where each ROBDD is canonical (unique)to the input rules and their priority ordering.

Each network model is first converted to a flat list of priority orderedrules. In some examples, contracts can be specific to EPGs and thusdefine communications between EPGs, and rules can be the specificnode-to-node implementation of such contracts. Architecture 520 includesa Formal Analysis Engine 522. In some cases, Formal Analysis Engine 522can be part of Policy Analyzer 504 and/or Assurance Appliance System300. For example, Formal Analysis Engine 522 can be hosted within, orexecuted by, Policy Analyzer 504 and/or Assurance Appliance System 300.To illustrate, Formal Analysis Engine 522 can be implemented via one ormore operators, VMs, containers, servers, applications, servicefunctions, etc., on Policy Analyzer 504 and/or Assurance ApplianceSystem 300. In other cases, Formal Analysis Engine 522 can be separatefrom Policy Analyzer 504 and/or Assurance Appliance System 300. Forexample, Formal Analysis Engine 522 can be a standalone engine, acluster of engines hosted on multiple systems or networks, a servicefunction chain hosted on one or more systems or networks, a VM, asoftware container, a cluster of VMs or software containers, acloud-based service, etc.

Formal Analysis Engine 522 includes an ROBDD Generator 526. ROBDDGenerator 526 receives Input 524 including flat lists of priorityordered rules for Models 272, 274, 276 as shown in FIG. 2D. These rulescan be represented as Boolean functions, where each rule consists of anaction (e.g. Permit, Permit_Log, Deny, Deny_Log) and a set of conditionsthat will trigger that action (e.g. one or more configurations oftraffic, such as a packet source, destination, port, header, QoS policy,priority marking, etc.). For example, a rule might be designed as Permitall traffic on port 80. In some examples, each rule might be an n-bitstring with m-fields of key-value pairs. For example, each rule might bea 147 bit string with 13 fields of key-value pairs.

As a simplified example, consider a flat list of the priority orderedrules L1, L2, L3, and L4 in Li_Model 272, where L1 is the highestpriority rule and L4 is the lowest priority rule. A given packet isfirst checked against rule L1. If L1 is triggered, then the packet ishandled according to the action contained in rule L1. Otherwise, thepacket is then checked against rule L2. If L2 is triggered, then thepacket is handled according to the action contained in rule L2.Otherwise, the packet is then checked against rule L3, and so on, untilthe packet either triggers a rule or reaches the end of the listing ofrules.

The ROBDD Generator 526 can calculate one or more ROBDDs or BDDs (binarydecision diagrams) for the constituent rules L1-L4 of one or moremodels. An ROBDD can be generated for each action encoded by the rulesL1-L4, or each action that may be encoded by the rules L1-L4, such thatthere is a one-to-one correspondence between the number of actions andthe number of ROBDDs or BDDs generated. For example, the rules L1-L4might be used to generate BDDs 540, including L_Permit_(BDD),L_Permit_Log_(BDD), L_Deny_(BDD), and L_Deny_Log_(BDD).

Generally, ROBDD Generator 526 begins its calculation with the highestpriority rule of Input 524 in the listing of rules received. Continuingthe example of rules L1-L4 in Li_Model 272, ROBDD Generator 526 beginswith rule L1. Based on the action specified by rule L1 (e.g. Permit,Permit_Log, Deny, Deny_Log), rule L1 is added to the corresponding ROBDDfor that action. Next, rule L2 will be added to the corresponding ROBDDfor the action that it specifies. In some examples, a reduced form of L2can be used, given by L1′L2, with L1′ denoting the inverse of L1. Thisprocess is then repeated for rules L3 and L4, which have reduced formsgiven by (L1+L2)′L3 and (L1+L2+L3)′L4, respectively.

Notably, L_Permit_(BDD) and each of the other action-specific ROBDDsencode the portion of each constituent rule L1, L2, L3, L4 that is notalready captured by higher priority rules. That is, L1′L2 represents theportion of rule L2 that does not overlap with rule L1, (L1+L2)′L3represents the portion of rule L3 that does not overlap with eitherrules L1 or L2, and (L1+L2+L3)′L4 represents the portion of rule L4 thatdoes not overlap with either rules L1 or L2 or L3. This reduced form canbe independent of the action specified by an overlapping or higherpriority rule and can be calculated based on the conditions that willcause the higher priority rules to trigger.

ROBDD Generator 526 likewise can generate an ROBDD for each associatedaction of the remaining models associated with Input 524, such asCi_Model 274 and Hi_Model 276 in this example, or any other modelsreceived by ROBDD Generator 526. From the ROBDDs generated, the formalequivalence of any two or more ROBDDs of models can be checked viaEquivalence Checker 528, which builds a conflict ROBDD encoding areas ofconflict between input ROBDDs.

In some examples, the ROBDDs being compared will be associated with thesame action. For example, Equivalence Checker 528 can check the formalequivalence of L_Permit_(BDD) against H_Permit_(BDD) by calculating theexclusive disjunction between L_Permit_(BDD) and H_Permit_(BDD). Moreparticularly, L_Permit_(BDD)⊕H_Permit_(BDD) (i.e. L_Permit_(BDD) XORH_Permit_(BDD)) is calculated, although it is understood that thedescription below is also applicable to other network models (e.g.,Logical Model 270, L_Model 270A, LR_Model 270B, Li_Model 272, Ci_Model274, Hi_Model 276, etc.) and associated actions (Permit, Permit_Log,Deny, Deny_Log, etc.).

An example calculation is illustrated in FIG. 6A, which depicts asimplified representation of a Permit conflict ROBDD 600A calculated forL_Permit_(BDD) and H_Permit_(BDD). As illustrated, L_Permit_(BDD)includes a unique portion 602 (shaded) and an overlap 604 (unshaded).Similarly, H_Permit_(BDD) includes a unique portion 606 (shaded) and thesame overlap 604.

The Permit conflict ROBDD 600A includes unique portion 602, whichrepresents the set of packet configurations and network actions that areencompassed within L_Permit_(BDD) but not H_Permit_(BDD) (i.e.calculated as L_Permit_(BDD)*H_Permit_(BDD)′), and unique portion 606,which represents the set of packet configurations and network actionsthat are encompassed within H_Permit_(BDD) but not L_Permit_(BDD) (i.e.calculated as L_Permit_(BDD)′*H_Permit_(BDD)). Note that the unshadedoverlap 604 is not part of Permit conflict ROBDD 600A.

Conceptually, the full circle illustrating L_Permit_(BDD) (e.g. uniqueportion 602 and overlap 604) represents the fully enumerated set ofpacket configurations that are encompassed within, or trigger, thePermit rules encoded by input model Li_Model 272. For example, assumeLi_Model 272 contains the rules:

L1: port=[1-3] Permit

L2: port=4 Permit

L3: port=[6-8] Permit

L4: port=9 Deny

where ‘port’ represents the port number of a received packet, then thecircle illustrating L_Permit_(BDD) contains the set of all packets withport=[1-3], 4, [6-8] that are permitted. Everything outside of this fullcircle represents the space of packet conditions and/or actions that aredifferent from those specified by the Permit rules contained in Li_Model272. For example, rule L4 encodes port=9 Deny and would fall outside ofthe region carved out by L_Permit_(BDD).

Similarly, the full circle illustrating H_Permit_(BDD) (e.g., uniqueportion 606 and overlap 604) represents the fully enumerated set ofpacket configurations and network actions that are encompassed within,or trigger, the Permit rules encoded by the input model Hi_Model 276,which contains the rules and/or configurations rendered in hardware.Assume that Hi_Model 276 contains the rules:

H1: port=[1-3] Permit

H2: port=5 Permit

H3: port=[6-8] Deny

H4: port=10 Deny_Log

In the comparison between L_Permit_(BDD) and H_Permit_(BDD), only rulesL1 and H1 are equivalent, because they match on both packet conditionand action. L2 and H2 are not equivalent because even though theyspecify the same action (Permit), this action is triggered on adifferent port number (4 vs. 5). L3 and H3 are not equivalent becauseeven though they trigger on the same port number (6-8), they triggerdifferent actions (Permit vs. Deny). L4 and H4 are not equivalentbecause they trigger on a different port number (9 vs. 10) and alsotrigger different actions (Deny vs. Deny_Log). As such, overlap 604contains only the set of packets that are captured by Permit rules L1and H1, i.e., the packets with port=[1-3] that are permitted. Uniqueportion 602 contains only the set of packets that are captured by thePermit rules L2 and L3, while unique portion 606 contains only the setof packets that are captured by Permit rule H2. These two uniqueportions encode conflicts between the packet conditions upon whichLi_Model 272 will trigger a Permit, and the packet conditions upon whichthe hardware rendered Hi_Model 276 will trigger a Permit. Consequently,it is these two unique portions 602 and 606 that make up Permit conflictROBDD 600A. The remaining rules L4, H3, and H4 are not Permit rules andconsequently are not represented in L_Permit_(BDD), H_Permit_(BDD), orPermit conflict ROBDD 600A.

In general, the action-specific overlaps between any two models containthe set of packets that will trigger the same action no matter whetherthe rules of the first model or the rules of the second model areapplied, while the action-specific conflict ROBDDs between these sametwo models contains the set of packets that result in conflicts by wayof triggering on a different condition, triggering a different action,or both.

It should be noted that in the example described above with respect toFIG. 6A, Li_Model 272 and Hi_Model 276 are used as example input modelsfor illustration purposes, but other models may be similarly used. Forexample, in some cases, a conflict ROBDD can be calculated based onLogical Model 270, as shown in FIG. 4, and/or any of the models 270A,270B, 272, 274, 276, as shown in FIG. 2D.

Moreover, for purposes of clarity in the discussion above, Permitconflict ROBDD 600A portrays L_Permit_(BDD) and H_Permit_(BDD) assingular entities rather than illustrating the effect of each individualrule. Accordingly, FIGS. 6B and 6C present Permit conflict ROBDDs withindividual rules depicted. FIG. 6B presents a Permit conflict ROBDD 600Btaken between the listing of rules L1, L2, H1, and H2. FIG. 6C presentsa Permit conflict ROBDD 600C that adds rule H3 to Permit conflict ROBDD600B. Both Figures maintain the same shading convention introduced inFIG. 6A, wherein a given conflict ROBDD comprises only the shadedregions that are shown.

Turning to FIG. 6B, illustrated is a Permit conflict ROBDD 600B that iscalculated across a second L_Permit_(BDD) consisting of rules L1 and L2,and a second H_Permit_(BDD) consisting of rules H1 and H2. Asillustrated, rules L1 and H1 are identical, and entirely overlap withone another—both rules consists of the overlap 612 and overlap 613.Overlap 612 is common between rules L1 and H1, while overlap 613 iscommon between rules L1, H1, and L2. For purposes of subsequentexplanation, assume that rules L1 and H1 are both defined by port=[1-13]Permit.

Rules L2 and H2 are not identical. Rule L2 consists of overlap 613,unique portion 614, and overlap 616. Rule H2 consists only of overlap616, as it is contained entirely within the region encompassed by ruleL2. For example, rule L2 might be port=[10-20] Permit, whereas rule H2might be port=[15-17] Permit. Conceptually, this is an example of anerror that might be encountered by a network assurance check, wherein anLi_Model 272 rule (e.g., L2) specified by a user intent was incorrectlyrendered into a node's memory (e.g., switch TCAM) as an Hi_Model 276rule (e.g., H2). In particular, the scope of the rendered Hi_Model 276rule H2 is smaller than the intended scope specified by the user intentcontained in L2. For example, such a scenario could arise if a switchTCAM runs out of space, and does not have enough free entries toaccommodate a full representation of an Li_Model 272 rule.

Regardless of the cause, this error is detected by the construction ofthe Permit conflict ROBDD 600B as L_Permit_(BDD)⊕H_Permit_(BDD), wherethe results of this calculation are indicated by the shaded uniqueportion 614. This unique portion 614 represents the set of packetconfigurations and network actions that are contained withinL_Permit_(BDD) but not H_Permit_(BDD). In particular, unique portion 614is contained within the region encompassed by rule L2 but is notcontained within either of the regions encompassed by rules H1 and H2,and specifically comprises the set defined by port=[14,18-20] Permit.

To understand how this is determined, recall that rule L2 is representedby port=[10-20] Permit. Rule H1 carves out the portion of L2 defined byport=[10-13] Permit, which is represented as overlap 613. Rule H2 carvesout the portion of L2 defined by port=[15-17] Permit, which isrepresented as overlap 616. This leaves only port=[14,18-20] Permit asthe non-overlap portion of the region encompassed by L2, or in otherwords, the unique portion 614 comprises Permit conflict ROBDD 600B.

FIG. 6C illustrates a Permit conflict ROBDD 600C which is identical toPermit conflict ROBDD 600B with the exception of a newly added thirdrule, H3: port=[19-25] Permit. Rule H3 includes an overlap portion 628,which represents the set of conditions and actions that are contained inboth rules H3 and L2, and further consists of a unique portion 626,which represents the set of conditions and actions that are containedonly in rule H3. Conceptually, this could represent an error wherein anLi_Model 272 rule (e.g., L2) specified by a user intent was incorrectlyrendered into node memory as two Hi_Model 276 rules (e.g., H2 and H3).There is no inherent fault with a single Li_Model 272 rule beingrepresented as multiple Hi_Model 276 rules. Rather, the fault hereinlies in the fact that the two corresponding Hi_Model 276 rules do notadequately capture the full extent of the set of packet configurationsencompassed by Permit rule L2. Rule H2 is too narrow in comparison torule L2, as discussed above with respect to FIG. 6B, and rule H3 is bothtoo narrow and improperly extended beyond the boundary of the regionencompasses by rule L2.

As was the case before, this error is detected by the construction ofthe conflict ROBDD 600C, as L_Permit_(BDD)⊕H_Permit_(BDD), where theresults of this calculation are indicated by the shaded unique portion624, representing the set of packet configurations and network actionsthat are contained within L_Permit_(BDD) but not H_Permit_(BDD), and theshaded unique portion 626, representing the set of packet configurationsand network actions that are contained within H_Permit_(BDD) but notL_Permit_(BDD). In particular, unique portion 624 is contained onlywithin rule L2, and comprises the set defined by port=[14, 18] Permit,while unique portion 626 is contained only within rule H3, and comprisesthe set defined by port=[21-25] Permit. Thus, Permit conflict ROBDD 600Ccomprises the set defined by port=[14, 18, 21-25] Permit.

Reference is made above only to Permit conflict ROBDDs, although it isunderstood that conflict ROBDDs are generated for each action associatedwith a given model. For example, a complete analysis of the Li_Model 272and Hi_Model 276 mentioned above might entail using ROBDD Generator 526to generate the eight ROBDDs L_Permit_(BDD), L_Permit_Log_(BDD),L_Deny-_(BDD), and L_Deny_Log_(BDD), H_Permit_(BDD), H_Permit_Log_(BDD),H_Deny_(BDD), and H_Deny_Log_(BDD), and then using Equivalence Checker528 to generate a Permit conflict ROBDD, Permit_Log conflict ROBDD, Denyconflict ROBDD, and Deny_Log conflict ROBDD.

In general, Equivalence Checker 528 generates action-specific conflictROBDDs based on input network models, or input ROBDDs from ROBDDGenerator 526. As illustrated in FIG. 5C, Equivalence Checker 528receives the input pairs (L_(BDD), H_(BDD)), (L_(BDD), C_(BDD)),(C_(BDD), H_(BDD)), although it is understood that these representationsare for clarity purposes, and may be replaced with any of theaction-specific ROBDDs discussed above. From these action-specificconflict ROBDDs, Equivalence Checker 528 may determine that there is noconflict between the inputs—that is, a given action-specific conflictROBDD is empty. In the context of the examples of FIGS. 6A-6C, an emptyconflict ROBDD would correspond to no shaded portions being present. Inthe case where this determination is made for the given action-specificconflict ROBDD, Equivalence Checker 528 might generate a correspondingaction-specific “PASS” indication 530 that can be transmitted externallyfrom formal analysis engine 522.

However, if Equivalence Checker 528 determines that there is a conflictbetween the inputs, and that a given action-specific conflict ROBDD isnot empty, then Equivalence Checker 528 will not generate PASSindication 530, and can instead transmit the given action-specificconflict ROBDD 532 to a Conflict Rules Identifier 534, which identifiesthe specific conflict rules that are present. In some examples, anaction-specific “PASS” indication 530 can be generated for everyaction-specific conflict ROBDD that is determined to be empty. In someexamples, the “PASS” indication 530 might only be generated and/ortransmitted once every action-specific conflict ROBDD has beendetermined to be empty.

If one or more action-specific conflict ROBDDs are received, ConflictRules Identifier 534 may receive as input the flat listing of priorityordered rules that are represented in each of the conflict ROBDDs 532.For example, if Conflict Rules Identifier 534 receives the Permitconflict ROBDD corresponding to L_Permit_(BDD)⊕H_Permit_(BDD), the flatlistings of priority ordered rules Li, Hi used to generateL_Permit_(BDD) and H_Permit_(BDD) are also received as input.

The Conflict Rules Identifier 534 then identifies specific conflictrules from each listing of priority ordered rules and builds a listingof conflict rules 536. In order to do so, Conflict Rules Identifier 534iterates through the rules contained within a given listing andcalculates the intersection between the set of packet configurations andnetwork actions that is encompassed by each given rule, and the set thatis encompassed by the action-specific conflict ROBDD. For example,assume that a list of j rules was used to generate L_Permit_(BDD). Foreach rule j, Conflict Rules Identifier 534 computes:

(L_Permit_(BDD) ⊕H_Permit_(BDD))*L _(j)

If this calculation equals zero, then the given rule L_(j) is not partof the conflict ROBDD and therefore is not a conflict rule. If, however,this calculation does not equal zero, then the given rule L_(j) is partof the Permit conflict ROBDD and therefore is a conflict rule that isadded to the listing of conflict rules 536.

For example, in FIG. 6C, Permit conflict ROBDD 600C includes the shadedportions 624 and 626. Starting with the two rules L1, L2 used togenerate L_Permit_(BDD), it can be calculated that:

(L_Permit_(BDD) ⊕H_Permit_(BDD))*L1=0

Thus, rule L1 does not overlap with Permit conflict ROBDD 600C andtherefore is not a conflict rule. However, it can be calculated that:

(L_Permit_(BDD) ⊕H_Permit_(BDD))*L2≠0

Meaning that rule L2 does overlap with Permit conflict ROBDD 600C atoverlap portion 624 and therefore is a conflict rule and is added to thelisting of conflict rules 536.

The same form of computation can also be applied to the list of rulesH1, H2, H3, used to generate H_Permit_(BDD). It can be calculated that:

(L_Permit_(BDD) ⊕H_Permit_(BDD))*H1=0

Thus, rule H1 does not overlap with Permit conflict ROBDD 600C andtherefore is not a conflict rule. It can also be calculated that:

(L_Permit_(BDD) ⊕H_Permit_(BDD))*H2=0

Thus, rule H2 does not overlap with Permit conflict ROBDD 600C andtherefore is not a conflict rule. Finally, it can be calculated that:

(L_Permit_(BDD) ⊕H_Permit_(BDD))*H3≠0

Meaning that rule H2 does overlap with Permit conflict ROBDD 600C atoverlap portion 626 and therefore is a conflict rule and can be added tothe listing of conflict rules 552. In the context of the presentexample, the complete listing of conflict rules 536 derived from Permitconflict ROBDD 600C is {L2, H3}, as one or both of these rules have beenconfigured or rendered incorrectly.

In some examples, one of the models associated with the Input 524 may betreated as a reference or standard, meaning that the rules containedwithin that model are assumed to be correct. As such, Conflict RulesIdentifier 536 only needs to compute the intersection of a givenaction-specific conflict ROBDD and the set of associated action-specificrules from the non-reference model. For example, the Li_Model 272 can betreated as a reference or standard, because it is directly derived fromuser inputs used to define L_Model 270A, 270B. The Hi_Model 276, on theother hand, passes through several transformations before being renderedinto a node's hardware, and is therefore more likely to be subject toerror. Accordingly, the Conflict Rules Identifier 534 would only compute

(L_Permit_(BDD) ⊕H_Permit_(BDD))*H _(j)

for each of the rules (or each of the Permit rules) j in the Hi_Model276, which can cut the required computation time significantly.

Additionally, Conflict Rules Identifier 534 need not calculate theintersection of the action-specific conflict ROBDD and the entirety ofeach rule, but instead, can use a priority-reduced form of each rule. Inother words, this is the form in which the rule is represented withinthe ROBDD. For example, the priority reduced form of rule H2 is H1′H2,or the contribution of rule H2 minus the portion that is alreadycaptured by rule H1. The priority reduced form of rule H3 is (H1+H2)′H3,or the contribution of rule H3 minus the portion that is alreadycaptured by rules H1 or H2. The priority reduced form of rule H4 is(H1+H2+H3)′H4, or the contribution of rule H4 minus the portion that isalready captured by rules H1 and H2 and H3.

As such, the calculation instead reduces to:

(L_Permit_(BDD) ⊕H_Permit_(BDD))*(H1+ . . . +H _(j−1))′H _(j)

for each rule (or each Permit rule) j that is contained in the Hi_Model276. While there are additional terms introduced in the equation aboveas compared to simply calculating

(L_Permit_(BDD) ⊕H_Permit_(BDD))*H _(j),

the priority-reduced form is in fact computationally more efficient. Foreach rule j, the priority-reduced form (H1+ . . . +H_(j−1))′H_(j)encompasses a smaller set of packet configurations and network actions,or encompasses an equally sized set, as compared to the non-reduced formH_(j). The smaller the set for which the intersection calculation isperformed against the conflict ROBDD, the more efficient thecomputation.

In some cases, the Conflict Rules Identifier 534 can output a listing ofconflict rules 536 (whether generated from both input models, orgenerated only a single, non-reference input model) to a destinationexternal to Formal Analysis Engine 522. For example, the conflict rules536 can be output to a user or network operator in order to betterunderstand the specific reason that a conflict occurred between models.

In some examples, a Back Annotator 538 can be disposed between ConflictRules Identifier 534 and the external output. Back Annotator 538 canassociate each given rule from the conflict rules listing 536 with thespecific parent contract or other high-level intent that led to thegiven rule being generated. In this manner, not only is a formalequivalence failure explained to a user in terms of the specific rulesthat are in conflict, the equivalence failure is also explained to theuser in terms of the high-level user action, configuration, or intentthat was entered into the network and ultimately created the conflictrule. In this manner, a user can more effectively address conflictrules, by adjusting or otherwise targeting them at their source orparent.

In some examples, the listing of conflict rules 536 may be maintainedand/or transmitted internally to Formal Analysis Engine 522, to enablefurther network assurance analyses and operations such as eventgeneration, counter-example generation, QoS assurance, etc.

The disclosure now turns to FIG. 7, which illustrate an example methodfor general network assurance. The method is provided by way of example,as there are a variety of ways to carry out the method. Additionally,while the example method is illustrated with a particular order ofblocks or steps, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate thatFIG. 7, and the blocks shown therein, can be executed in any order andcan include fewer or more blocks than illustrated.

Each block shown in FIG. 7 represents one or more steps, processes,methods or routines in the method. For the sake of clarity andexplanation purposes, the blocks in FIG. 7 are described with referenceto Network Environment 100, Assurance Appliance System 300, and NetworkModels 270, 270A-B, 272, 274, 276, Policy Analyzer 504, and FormalEquivalence Engine 522, as shown in FIGS. 1A-B, 2D, 3A, 5A, and 5C.

With reference to FIG. 7, at step 700, Assurance Appliance System 300can collect data and obtain models associated with Network Environment100. The models can include Logical Model 270, as shown in FIG. 4,and/or any of Models 270A-B, 272, 274, 276, as shown in FIG. 2D. Thedata can include fabric data (e.g., topology, switch, interfacepolicies, application policies, etc.), network configurations (e.g.,BDs, VRFs, L2 Outs, L3 Outs, protocol configurations, etc.), QoSpolicies (e.g., DSCP, priorities, bandwidth, queuing, transfer rates,SLA rules, performance settings, etc.), security configurations (e.g.,contracts, filters, etc.), application policies (e.g., EPG contracts,application profile settings, application priority, etc.), servicechaining configurations, routing configurations, etc. Other non-limitingexamples of information collected or obtained can include network data(e.g., RIB/FIB, VLAN, MAC, ISIS, DB, BGP, OSPF, ARP, VPC, LLDP, MTU,network or flow state, logs, node information, routes, etc.), rules andtables (e.g., TCAM rules, ECMP tables, routing tables, etc.), endpointdynamics (e.g., EPM, COOP EP DB, etc.), statistics (e.g., TCAM rulehits, interface counters, bandwidth, packets, application usage,resource usage patterns, error rates, latency, dropped packets, etc.).

At step 702, Assurance Appliance System 300 can analyze and model thereceived data and models. For example, Assurance Appliance System 300can perform formal modeling and analysis, which can involve determiningequivalency between models, including configurations, policies, etc.Assurance Appliance System 300 can analyze and/or model some or allportions of the data and models. For example, in some cases, AssuranceAppliance System 300 may analyze and model contracts, policies, rules,and state data, but exclude other portions of information available.

At step 704, Assurance Appliance System 300 can generate one or moresmart events. Assurance Appliance System 300 can generate smart eventsusing deep object hierarchy for detailed analysis, such as tenants,switches, VRFs, filters, prefixes, ports, contracts, subjects, etc.

At step 706, Assurance Appliance System 300 can visualize the smartevents, analysis and/or models. Assurance Appliance System 300 candisplay problems and alerts for analysis and debugging, in auser-friendly GUI.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example User Interface 800 for accessing AssuranceCompliance Menus 802-812 of an assurance compliance tool. In thisexample, the Assurance Compliance Menus 802-812 include a Dashboard Menu802 which can be selected to access a dashboard page, interface, tool,sub-menu, etc.; a Change Management Menu 804 which can be selected toaccess a change management page, interface, tool, sub-menu, etc.; aVerify and Diagnose Menu 806 which can be selected to access a page,interface, tool, sub-menu, etc., for verification and diagnosisfunctions and information; an Optimization Menu 808 which can beselected to access a page, interface, tool, sub-menu, etc., for viewingand/or implementing assurance and/or network optimizations; a Complianceand Audit Menu 810 for accessing compliance and audit features such aspages, interfaces, tools, sub-menus, functions, etc., and a Smart EventsMenu 812 for accessing smart events and/or smart event pages,interfaces, tools, sub-menus, etc.

The Compliance and Audit Menu 810 can include a Compliance Analysis Menu814A and an Audit and Assurance Menu 814B. The Compliance Analysis Menu814A includes Menu Sub-items 816A-B, which include a Compliance AnalysisMenu Sub-item 816A for accessing a compliance analysis feature and aManage Compliance Requirements Menu Sub-item 816B for managingcompliance requirements. The Audit and Assurance Menu 814B includes MenuSub-items 818A-B, which include a Download Assurance Data Menu Sub-item818A for downloading assurance data and a Reports Menu Sub-item 818B forgenerating assurance reports.

FIG. 9 illustrates a Compliance Requirement Management Interface 900which allows a user to manage compliance requirements. The ComplianceRequirement Management Interface 900 can be accessed through the ManageCompliance Requirements Menu Sub-item 816B from Compliance Analysis Menu814A in Compliance and Audit Menu 810 of User Interface 800 shown inFIG. 8. The Compliance Requirement Management Interface 900 includesvarious Tabs 902-908 for managing compliance requirements. The Tabs902-908 can be menus, navigation links, navigation pages or tools,selectable interface elements, etc. The Tabs 902-908 can include aCompliance Requirement Sets Tab 902, a Compliance Requirements Tab 904,an EPG Selector Tab 906, and a Traffic Selector Tab 908.

The Compliance Requirement Sets Tab 902 can be used to access, modify,and/or create sets or groups of compliance requirements. In some cases,the Compliance Requirement Sets Tab 902 allows a user to view anycompliance requirement sets that have been configured, including theirrespective names, descriptions, status (e.g., active, inactive, etc.),settings (e.g., compliance requirements, compliance requirement detailsand policies, etc.), and so forth. Compliance requirement sets can becreated using compliance requirements configured in the system (e.g.,via Compliance Requirements Tab 904).

The Compliance Requirements Tab 904 allows a user to access, modify,and/or create compliance requirements; the EPG Selector Tab 906 allows auser to access, modify, and/or create EPG selectors which define rulesand/or attributes for determining which EPGs to include or exclude inspecific sets of EPGs associated with the EPG selectors; and the TrafficSelector Tab 908 allows a user to access, modify, and/or create trafficselectors which provide traffic filters and/or parameters such astraffic protocols, ports, etc. A more detailed description of the Tabs902-908 in the Compliance Requirement Management Interface 900 will befurther described below.

FIG. 10 illustrates a Compliance Requirement Interface 1000 for creatinga compliance requirement. The Compliance Requirement Interface 1000 canbe accessed from Compliance Requirements Tab 904 in ComplianceRequirement Management Interface 900. The Compliance RequirementInterface 1000 includes a New Compliance Requirement Section 1002 forproviding compliance requirement definitions or settings to create a newcompliance requirement.

The New Compliance Requirement Section 1002 includes a ComplianceRequirement Name Field 1004, where the user can provide a name for thenew compliance requirement being created, and a Compliance RequirementDescription Field 1006, where the user can provide a description of thenew compliance requirement. The New Compliance Requirement Section 1002can also include a Compliance Type Field 1008 where a user can definethe type of compliance requirement being created, such as a trafficsegmentation requirement, a traffic restriction requirement, a resourceattribute requirement, a naming convention requirement, etc. In thisexample, the Compliance Type Field 1008 indicates that the compliancetype selected for the new compliance requirement is Segmentation 1008A.

The New Compliance Requirement Section 1002 also includes a ComplianceRequirement Definitions View 1010 depicting Nodes 1012-1016 representingCompliance Definitions 1018A-C associated with the new compliancerequirement. For example, Node 1012 represents an EPG SelectorDefinition 1018A for EPG Selector A, that is selected or is to beselected for the new compliance requirement. Node 1016 represents an EPGSelector Definition 1018C for EPG Selector B, which is another EPGselector selected or to be selected for the new compliance requirement.Node 1014 represents a Communication Operator Definition 1018B fordefining a communication operator for traffic associated with the EPGselectors in Nodes 1012 and 1016.

In some cases, the Nodes 1012-1016 in the Compliance RequirementDefinitions View 1010 can be depicted with interconnections and/oraccording to an order or flow of configuration tasks or definitions forcreating the compliance requirement. For example, Node 1012 can be afirst node which represents the first definition or configuration taskfor creating the compliance requirement (e.g., selecting an EPG selectorfor EPG Selector A), Node 1014 can be the subsequent node whichrepresents the next definition or configuration task (e.g., selecting acommunications operator), and Node 1016 can be the last noderepresenting the last definition or configuration task for creating thecompliance requirement (e.g., selecting an EPG selector for EPG SelectorB). In some cases, the Compliance Definitions 1018A-C can be displayedor populated for the Nodes 1012-1016 as (or after) they are defined. Insome cases, each of the Nodes 1012-1016 can depict (e.g., via text orlabels, check marks or other visual indicators displayed in or with theNodes 1012-1016, etc.) which compliance definition has been selected (ifany) for that node and/or whether the compliance definition selection orconfiguration process for that node has completed or not.

The New Compliance Requirement Section 1002 includes an EPG SelectorSection 1020 for selecting an EPG selector and associated attributes forEPG Selector A (i.e., Node 1012). The EPG Selector Section 1020 includesan EPG Selector Option 1022 for selecting an EPG selector. The EPGSelector Option 1022 can be, for example and without limitation, adrop-down menu where a user can select an EPG selector, a link to apop-up window or interface where a user can select an EPG selector, anEPG selector browse function, etc.

The EPG Selector Section 1020 can also include a Consumer/Provider LabelField 1024 which allows a user to select a consumer or provider labelfor the EPG selector selected in the EPG Selector Option 1022. Theconsumer and provider labels allow EPGs or EPG selectors to beclassified as consumers or providers, which define the relationshipbetween an EPG or EPG selector and a compliance requirement. Thus, theEPG Selector Option 1022 allows a user to select an EPG selector for EPGSelector A (i.e., Node 1012) and the Consumer/Provider Label Field 1024allows the user to apply a consumer or provider label to the selectedEPG selector for EPG Selector A. Note, however, that in some cases theConsumer/Provider Label Field 1024 may be optional and the user maycomplete configuring the EPG Selector A (i.e., Node 1012) withoutapplying or selecting a consumer or provider label.

FIG. 11 illustrates an EPG Selector Interface 1110 for selecting an EPGselector. The EPG Selector Interface 1110 can be accessed through theEPG Selector Option 1022 in the Compliance Requirement Interface 1000,and allows a user to select an EPG selector for EPG Selector A (i.e.,Node 1012). The EPG Selector Interface 1110 includes an EPG Column 1112which lists EPG Selectors 1116 that the user can select from, and aDescription Column 1114 which includes optional Descriptions 1118 forthe EPG Selectors 1116 listed in the EPG Column 1112. The DescriptionColumn 1114 may or may not include a description (1118) for each of theEPG Selectors 1116 listed in the EPG Column 1112.

In this example, the EPG Selector Interface 1110 illustrates a Selection1120 from the EPG Selectors 1116, which in this case is EPG Selector SanJose. This indicates that the user has selected EPG Selector San Jose asthe EPG selector for EPG Selector A (i.e., Node 1012). The EPG SelectorInterface 1110 can include a Choose Option 1122 where the user canchoose the EPG Selector San Jose based on the Selection 1120 and proceedwith EPG Selector San Jose as the EPG selector for EPG Selector A (i.e.,Node 1012).

FIG. 12 illustrates a Configuration 1200 of the Compliance RequirementInterface 1000 after the user selects and chooses an EPG selector forEPG Selector A (i.e., Node 1012) from the EPG Selector Interface 1110.As illustrated in the Configuration 1200 of the Compliance RequirementInterface 1000, the Compliance Requirement Definitions View 1010 in theNew Compliance Requirement Section 1002 has been updated to identify theChosen EPG Selector 1202 for EPG Selector A (i.e., Node 1012), which inthis example is EPG Selector San Jose. Thus, the Configuration 1200 ofthe Compliance Requirement Interface 1000 shows that the EPG SelectorSan Jose has been chosen at Node 1012 corresponding to the EPG SelectorA.

Once an EPG selector has been chosen for EPG Selector A (i.e., Node1012), the user can select a communication operator (i.e., Node 1014)for the new compliance requirement. FIG. 13 illustrates a Configuration1300 of the Compliance Requirement Interface 1000 for enabling the userto select a communication operator for the new compliance requirement.Here, the Configuration 1300 of the Compliance Requirement Interface1000 includes a Communication Operator Section 1302 with CommunicationOperator Options 1304-1308 that the user can select for the newcompliance requirement. The Communication Operator Options 1304-1308 inthis non-limiting example include a Must Not Talk To option (1304), aMay Only Talk To option (1306), and a Must Talk To option (1308). Itshould be noted that other communication operator options than thosedepicted in FIG. 13 can also be included, and some implementations mayinclude other type(s) and/or a different number (more or less) ofcommunication operator options.

In the Configuration 1300, the Compliance Requirement Definitions View1010 shows a Must Not Talk To operator 1308 selected as thecommunication operator (i.e., Node 1014) for the new compliancerequirement. The Must Not Talk To operator 1308 can be selected via theCommunication Operator Option 1304 in the Communication Operator Section1302, as previously described. The Configuration 1300 also shows theChosen EPG Selector 1202 for EPG Selector A (i.e., Node 1012), EPGSelector San Jose, has been assigned a consumer label, indicating thatthe EPG Selector San Jose is a consumer EPG Selector. The user canassign the consumer label via the Consumer/Provider Label Field 1024 inthe EPG Selector Section 1020 of the Compliance Requirement Interface1000, as shown in FIGS. 10 and 12.

FIG. 14 illustrates a Configuration 1400 of the Compliance RequirementInterface 1000 for selecting an EPG selector and associated attributesfor EPG Selector B (i.e., Node 1016) shown in the Compliance RequirementDefinitions View 1010. The Configuration 1400 includes an EPG SelectorSection 1402 for selecting the EPG selector and associated attributesfor EPG Selector B (i.e., Node 1016). The EPG Selector Section 1402includes an EPG Selector Option 1404 for selecting an EPG selector. TheEPG Selector Option 1404 can be, for example and without limitation, adrop-down menu where a user can select an EPG selector, a link to apop-up window or interface where a user can select an EPG selector, anEPG selector browse function, etc.

The EPG Selector Section 1402 can also include a Consumer/Provider LabelField 1406 for selecting a consumer or provider label for the EPGselector selected in the EPG Selector Option 1404. In this example, theConsumer/Provider Label Field 1406 shows Provider Label 1408 selectedfor the EPG Selector B (i.e., Node 1016). Thus, the EPG Selector chosenby the user via the EPG Selector Option 1404 will receive the ProviderLabel 1408 classifying it as a provider.

FIG. 15 illustrates an EPG Selector Interface 1500 for selecting an EPGselector for EPG Selector B (i.e., Node 1016). The EPG SelectorInterface 1500 can be generated or presented in response to a selectionof the EPG Selector Option 1404 in the EPG Selector Section 1402 asshown in the Configuration 1400 of the Compliance Requirement Interface1000. The EPG Selector Interface 1500 includes an EPG Column 1502 whichlists EPG Selectors 1506 that the user can select from, and aDescription Column 1504 which includes optional Descriptions 1508corresponding to the EPG Selectors 1506 listed in the EPG Column 1502.

In this example, the EPG Selector Interface 1500 illustrates a Selection1510 for EPG Selector B (i.e., Node 1016) from the EPG Selectors 1506,which in this case is EPG Selector Palo Alto. This indicates that theuser has selected EPG Selector Palo Alto as the EPG selector for EPGSelector B (i.e., Node 1016). The EPG Selector Interface 1500 caninclude a Choose Option 1512 where the user can choose the Selection1120 (EPG Selector Palo Alto) and proceed with EPG Selector Palo Alto asthe EPG selector for EPG Selector B (i.e., Node 1016).

Once the user has selected the EPG Selector Palo Alto for EPG Selector B(i.e., Node 1016) via the Choose Option 1512, the user is returned tothe Compliance Requirement Interface 1000 which is updated to reflectthat the EPG Selector Palo Alto has been selected for EPG Selector B(i.e., Node 1016). With reference to FIG. 16, the Compliance RequirementDefinitions View 1010 of the Compliance Requirement Interface 1000identifies EPG Selector Palo Alto as the Chosen EPG Selector 1602 forEPG Selector B (i.e., Node 1016), and indicates that the EPG SelectorPalo Alto has been selected as a provider. The Compliance RequirementDefinitions View 1010 also reflects that the Compliance Definitions1018A-C for Nodes 1012-1016 have been selected or configured. At thispoint, the user has completed creating the new compliance requirement.

FIG. 17A illustrates a Configuration 1700 of the Compliance RequirementInterface 1000 depicting various features for creating a differentcompliance requirement. In this example, the compliance requirement isan SLA (service level agreement) requirement, as reflected by the SLASelection 1702 in the Compliance Type Field 1008.

The Compliance Requirement Definitions View 1010 includes ComplianceDefinitions 1018A-C for selecting an EPG Selector A (1018A), selecting acommunication operator (1018B), and selecting an EPG Selector B (1018C).The Compliance Requirement Definitions View 1010 also includes anadditional compliance definition, namely Compliance Definition 1704 forselecting a traffic selector. In addition, the Compliance RequirementDefinitions View 1010 includes Nodes 1012-1016, respectivelycorresponding to Compliance Definitions 1018A-C, as well as Node 1706corresponding to Compliance Definition 1704 for selecting a trafficselector.

The Compliance Requirement Definitions View 1010 includes an indicationthat a Must Talk To Operator 1708 has been selected or configured as thecommunication operator in the Compliance Definition 1018B associatedwith Node 1014. The Must Talk To Operator 1708 for the ComplianceDefinition 1018B can be selected or configured as previously describedin FIG. 13. In FIG. 17A, the Compliance Definitions 1018A, 1018C and1704 corresponding to Nodes 1012, 1016, and 1706 have not been selectedor configured. Accordingly, the Compliance Definitions 1018A, 1018C and1704 can be selected or configured to complete the compliancerequirement.

The Compliance Requirement Interface 1000 in Configuration 1700 includesEPG Selector Section 1020 for selecting an EPG selector and associatedattributes for EPG Selector A (i.e., Node 1012). The EPG SelectorSection 1020 includes EPG Selector Option 1022 for selecting the EPGselector, and Consumer/Provider Label Field 1024 for selecting aconsumer or provider label for the EPG selector. Through the EPGSelector Section 1020, the user can select or configure an EPG selectorfor Compliance Definition 1018A. The user can also select an EPGselector and any associated attributes for the Compliance Definition1018C, as previously described.

FIG. 17B illustrates a Configuration 1750 of the Compliance RequirementInterface 1000 for selecting a traffic selector for ComplianceDefinition 1704 associated with Node 1706. Here, a Traffic SelectorSection 1756 includes Traffic Selection Options 1758A-C for selecting aTraffic Selector Type 1758. The Traffic Selection Options 1758A-C inthis non-limiting example include an option for selecting all traffic(1758A), an option for selecting any traffic (1758B), and an option forchoosing a specific traffic selector (1758C).

In FIG. 17B, the user has selected the all traffic option (1758A) in theTraffic Selection Options 1758A-C. Accordingly, the ComplianceDefinition 1704 for the traffic selector corresponding to Node 1706reflects that the Chosen Traffic Selector 1754 is all traffic. TheChosen Traffic Selector 1754 provides that the Compliance Definitions1018A-C should apply to all traffic associated with the EPG selectorsconfigured for the Compliance Definitions 1018A and 1018C, which definethe EPG Selector A and EPG Selector B for the compliance requirement. Inthis example, the Compliance Definitions 1018A-C and 1704 provide thatConsumer EPG Selector San Jose (1202) must talk to (1708) Provider EPGSelector New York (1752) on all traffic (1754).

The option for choosing a specific traffic selector (1758C) can allow auser to select from traffic selectors that have been configured in thesystem and/or are available for selection. In some cases, the option forchoosing a specific traffic selector can allow a user to select atraffic selector with more granular specifications, different filters(e.g., protocol filters, IP filters, name filters, attribute filters,port filters, etc.), etc., than the all or any traffic selector options.

FIG. 17C illustrates an example of a different traffic selector chosenfor the Compliance Definition 1704 and a different Compliance Type 1008selected for the new compliance requirement. Here, the Compliance Type1008 has been changed to Traffic Restriction 1762 (as opposed to SLA1702 in the previous example) and a different traffic selector, TrafficSelector 1760, has been selected through the Choose Traffic SelectorOption 1758C. In this example, Traffic Selector 1760 is configured toonly apply to specific traffic, as opposed to all or any traffic asprovided in Traffic Selector Options 1758A and 1758B. For example, theTraffic Selector 1760 may apply only to traffic on a specific protocol,port, EtherType, etc. Having chosen Traffic Selector 1760 through theChoose Traffic Selector Option 1758C, the Compliance RequirementDefinitions View 1010 now reflects the chosen Traffic Selector 1760 asthe traffic selector configured for the Compliance Definition 1704associated with Node 1706.

The previous examples illustrate various aspects for creating newcompliance requirements. However, before creating a new compliancerequirement, one or more traffic selectors and EPG selectors can beconfigured for use in creating the new compliance requirement. FIGS.18A-E illustrate various aspects for creating traffic selectors and FIG.19 illustrates various aspects for creating an EPG selector.

With reference to FIG. 18A, a New Traffic Selector Interface 1800 can beaccessed from the Traffic Selector Tab 908. The New Traffic SelectorInterface 1800 can include a Create New Traffic Selector Section 1802,which can include a Traffic Selector Name Field 1804, a Traffic SelectorDescription Field 1806, and a Traffic Selector Configuration Section1808.

The Traffic Selector Configuration Section 1808 can allow a user toconfigure rules and/or filters for traffic associated with the trafficselector being created. For example, the Traffic Selector ConfigurationSection 1808 can allow a user to define attributes of the trafficassociated with the traffic selector, such as a protocol, a port, anEtherType, etc. In this example, the Traffic Selector ConfigurationSection 1808 includes Traffic Attribute Fields 1812 and 1814, whichallow the user to define an EtherType (e.g., IPv4, ARP, IPv6, LACP,MPLS, SRP, etc.) for the traffic (e.g., via Traffic Attribute Field1812) and an IP protocol (e.g., TCP, UDP, OSPF, etc.) for the traffic(e.g., via Traffic Attribute Field 1814). The Traffic SelectorConfiguration Section 1808 can also include an Operator 1810 whichidentifies a communication action (e.g., talk or communicate on) thatapplies to the traffic having the attributes defined in the TrafficAttribute Fields 1812 and 1814.

The Traffic Selector Configuration Section 1808 can include an Add TalkOn Link 1816 which a user can select to add additional traffic rules orfilters for the traffic selector. FIG. 18B illustrates the New TrafficSelector Interface 1800 after a user has configured the TrafficAttribute Fields 1812 and 1814 and added Traffic Configuration Set 1822via Add Talk On Link 1816.

The Traffic Configuration Set 1822 includes an Operator 1824 and TrafficAttribute Fields 1826 and 1828. The Operator 1824 and Traffic AttributeFields 1826 and 1828 provide additional criteria or filters (i.e., inaddition to the criteria or filters defined via Operator 1810 andTraffic Attribute Fields 1812 and 1814) for the traffic selector. Inthis example, the Traffic Attribute Fields 1826 and 1828 allow a user todefine another EtherType (1826) and IP protocol (1828) for the traffic,and the Operator 1824 is an And operator indicating that the TrafficConfiguration Set 1822 should also apply to traffic communicationshaving the attributes defined in the Traffic Attribute Fields 1826 and1828.

Moreover, the Traffic Attribute Fields 1812 and 1814 in FIG. 18B havebeen configured to include IPv4 1818 as the EtherType in TrafficAttribute Field 1812 and OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) 1820 as the IPprotocol in Traffic Attribute Field 1814. Thus, together the Operator1810 and Traffic Attribute Fields 1812 and 1814 indicate that thetraffic selector also corresponds to traffic communicating on IPv4(1818) and OSPF (1820).

FIG. 18C illustrates a Direction-Based Traffic Configuration Section1830 in New Traffic Selector Interface 1800 for providing additionalconfiguration options for the Traffic Configuration Set 1822. Theadditional configuration options in the Direction-Based TrafficConfiguration Section 1830 allow a user to provide additional conditionsor configurations for each direction of traffic (e.g., from EPG SelectorA to EPG Selector B and vice versa).

The Direction-Based Traffic Configuration Section 1830 can includeConfiguration Fields 1838-1842 for each Traffic Direction 1834 and 1836.For example, the Direction-Based Traffic Configuration Section 1830 caninclude a source port field (1838) for specifying a traffic source port,a destination port field (1840) for specifying a traffic destinationport, and a log flag setting field (1842) for confirming that a log flagis set. The Direction-Based Traffic Configuration Section 1830 caninclude the source port field (1838), the destination port field (1840)and the log flag setting field (1842) for each Traffic Direction 1834and 1836, which in this example includes traffic from EPG Selector A toEPG Selector B (Traffic Direction 1834) and traffic from EPG Selector Bto EPG Selector A (Traffic Direction 1836). Thus, through theConfiguration Fields 1838-1842 in the Direction-Based TrafficConfiguration Section 1830, the user can configure attributes orconditions for each specific Traffic Direction 1834 and 1836 (e.g., fromEPG Selector A to EPG Selector B, and from EPG Selector B to EPGSelector A).

The Direction-Based Traffic Configuration Section 1830 can also includea Reverse Ports Option 1832, which the user can select, activate,enable, etc., to reverse the ports (e.g., source and destination ports)or port values in the source port field (1838) and the destination portfield (1840) of the two Traffic Directions 1834 and 1836.

FIG. 18C also illustrates example EtherType and IP Protocol selections(1844 and 1846) for the Traffic Attribute Fields 1826 and 1828. In FIG.18C, the Traffic Attribute Field 1826 for EtherType is set to IPv4(1844) and the Traffic Attribute Field 1828 for IP Protocol is set toUser Datagram Protocol (1846) or UDP. Together, the selections (1818,1820, 1844, 1846) in the Traffic Attribute Fields 1812-1814 and1826-1828 of the Traffic Selector Configuration Section 1808, includingthe Traffic Configuration Set 1822, provide that the traffic selectorbeing created applies to traffic having an IPv4 (1818) EtherType (1812)and OSPF (1820) IP Protocol (1814) and traffic having an IPv4 (1844)EtherType (1826) and UDP (1846) IP Protocol (1828).

With reference to FIG. 18D, a user can add a Traffic SelectorConfiguration Section 1850 (e.g., via Add Links 1816) to provideadditional configurations, conditions, filters, etc., for the newtraffic selector being created. The Traffic Selector ConfigurationSection 1850 can be additional to, and/or separate from, the TrafficSelector Configuration Section 1808, and can allow the user to configureadditional and/or alternative conditions, filters, settings, etc.

In adding the Traffic Selector Configuration Section 1850, the user canselect an Operator 1844, which can serve as a logical or Booleanoperator (e.g., AND, OR, etc.), to specify whether the configurations orattributes in the Traffic Selector Configuration Section 1850 shouldapply in addition to (e.g., AND) or alternatively to (e.g., OR) theconfigurations or attributes in the Traffic Selector ConfigurationSection 1808. In the example of FIG. 18D, the Operator 1844 is an ORoperator. Therefore, the Operator 1844 provides that the new trafficselector being created in FIG. 18D should apply to traffic having thecharacteristics or conditions specified in the Traffic SelectorConfiguration Section 1808 or traffic having the characteristics orconditions specified in the Traffic Selector Configuration Section 1850.

The Traffic Selector Configuration Section 1850 can include TrafficAttribute Fields 1846 and 1848, which allow a user to define trafficattributes in the Traffic Selector Configuration Section 1850 for thenew traffic selector. In this example, Traffic Attribute Fields 1846 and1848 allow a user to define an EtherType (1846) and an IP protocol(1848) for the traffic. FIG. 18D shows example Selections 1818 and 1852for the Traffic Attribute Fields 1846 and 1848, including IPv4 (1818)for the EtherType field (1846) and TCP (1852) for the IP protocol field(1848).

The Traffic Selector Configuration Section 1850 can also include aDirection-Based Traffic Configuration Section 1854 for providingadditional configuration options for each direction of traffic (e.g.,from EPG Selector A to EPG Selector B, and from EPG Selector B to EPGSelector A). The Direction-Based Traffic Configuration Section 1854 caninclude Configuration Fields 1838-1842 for each Traffic Direction 1834and 1836. For example, the Direction-Based Traffic Configuration Section1854 can include a source port field (1838) for specifying a trafficsource port, a destination port field (1840) for specifying a trafficdestination port, and a log flag setting field (1842) for confirmingthat a log flag is set. The Direction-Based Traffic ConfigurationSection 1854 can include the source port field (1838), the destinationport field (1840) and the log flag setting field (1842) for each TrafficDirection 1834 and 1836, which in this example includes traffic from EPGSelector A to EPG Selector B (Traffic Direction 1834) and traffic fromEPG Selector B to EPG Selector A (Traffic Direction 1836).

The Direction-Based Traffic Configuration Section 1854 can also includea Reverse Ports Option 1832, as previously explained. TheDirection-Based Traffic Configuration Section 1854 can also include aCheck TCP Flags Option 1856 for each Traffic Direction 1834 and 1836(e.g., from EPG Selector A to EPG Selector B, and from EPG Selector B toEPG Selector A). The Check TCP Flags Option 1856 is a TCP-specificconfiguration option which can be provided because, for example, theuser has selected TCP (1852) as the IP protocol in the Traffic AttributeField 1848. Thus, the options, settings, attributes, conditions, fields,etc., available in a traffic configuration section (e.g., 1808, 1850)can vary based on what is selected in the traffic attribute fields(e.g., 1812-1814, 1826-1828, 1846-1848), to include options, settings,attributes, conditions, fields, etc., that may be specific to a selectedattribute such as an EtherType or an IP protocol. In this example, theuser has selected TCP (1852) in the Traffic Attribute Field 1848 and theCheck TCP Flags Option 1856 is an option specific to TCP providedbecause TCP has been selected as the IP protocol in Traffic AttributeField 1848.

In FIG. 18D, the Check TCP Flags Option 1856 for Traffic Direction 1834(from EPG Selector A to EPG Selector B) has not been selected orenabled, while the Check TCP Flags Option 1856 for Traffic Direction1836 (from EPG Selector B to EPG Selector A) has been selected orenabled. Because the Check TCP Flags Option 1856 for Traffic Direction1836 has been selected or enabled, the Direction-Based TrafficConfiguration Section 1854 can provide additional configuration optionspertaining to the Check TCP Flags Option 1856 selected or enabled. Forexample, when the Check TCP Flags Option 1856 is selected or enabled,the Direction-Based Traffic Configuration Section 1854 can provide a TCPFlag Set Field 1858A, where a user can specify which set TCP flags(e.g., ACK flag, SYN flag, FIN flag, URG flag, PSH flag, RST flag, ECEflag, CWR flag, etc.) should be checked, and a TCP Flag Not Set Field1858B, where a user can specify which TCP flags that are not set shouldbe checked.

FIG. 18E illustrates another example configuration of the New TrafficSelector Interface 1800 and the Create New Traffic Selector Section 1802for creating a new traffic selector. The Create New Traffic SelectorSection 1802 includes Traffic Selector Name Field 1804 and TrafficSelector Description Field 1806. In addition, the Create New TrafficSelector Section 1802 includes an EtherType Field 1860 where the usercan specify or select an EtherType. In this example, the EtherType Value1862 in the EtherType Field 1860 has been set to “Any”, meaning that anyEtherType can satisfy the EtherType condition or definition in theEtherType Field 1860.

The Create New Traffic Selector Section 1802 can include an ExceptionOption 1864, which when selected or enabled allows the user to provideor define exceptions through a Traffic Selector Exceptions Section 1870.Thus, the Exception Option 1864 allows the user to define exceptions forscenarios that otherwise satisfy the EtherType condition or definition(e.g., 1862) specified in the EtherType Field 1860 of the Create NewTraffic Selector Section 1802.

In FIG. 18E, the Exception Option 1864 has been selected or enabled.Moreover, Traffic Selector Exceptions Section 1870 has been provided toallow the user to define specific configurations or attributescorresponding to the exception(s). Here, the Traffic Selector ExceptionsSection 1870 includes Attribute Fields 1866-1868, which in this exampleinclude an EtherType field (1866) and a protocol field (1868). TheAttribute Field Selections 1872-1874 specified for the Attribute Fields1866-1868 are IP (1872) for EtherType (Attribute Field 1866) and TCP(1874) for the protocol field (Attribute Field 1868).

Traffic Selector Exceptions Section 1870 includes a Reverse Ports Option1832 selected for traffic in both Traffic Directions 1834 and 1836(e.g., from EPG Selector A to EPG Selector B and vice versa). TrafficSelector Exceptions Section 1870 can also include a Flag SettingsSection 1876, a Source Port Field 1838, a Destination Port Field 1840,and a Log Option 1890 (e.g., for logging statistics, events, etc.) foreach of the Traffic Directions 1834 and 1836, to allow the user toprovide specific configurations or attributes for each direction oftraffic.

The Flag Settings Section 1876 pertains to TCP flag settings, which insome implementations is provided as an option in response to the userselecting TCP (1874) in the protocol field (e.g., Attribute Field 1868).The Flag Settings Section 1876 can include an Established Option 1878,which applies to cases where a TCP session or flag (e.g., ACK, RST,etc.) has been established, and a Not Established Option 1880, whichapplies to cases where a TCP session or flag has not been established.Under the Not Established Option 1880, the Flag Settings Section 1876can include Flag Options 1882-1888, which allow a user to select orspecify specific TCP flags (e.g., SYN, ACK, RST, FIN, etc.)corresponding to the Not Established Option 1880 (e.g., having a notestablished state or status).

FIG. 19 illustrates a New EPG Selector Interface 1900 for creating anEPG selector. As previously explained, to create compliance requirementsa user may first create EPG selector(s) and traffic selector(s) that canbe used to configure the compliance requirements. The New EPG SelectorInterface 1900 provides an interface where the user can create a new EPGselector and define specific configurations or attributes for that EPGselector.

The New EPG Selector Interface 1900 includes a Create New EPG SelectorSection 1902 where the user can input specific attributes, values,conditions, settings, etc., for the EPG selector being created. TheCreate New EPG Selector Section 1902 can include an EPG Selector NameField 1904 where the user can provide a name for the EPG selector beingcreated, and an EPG Selector Description Field 1906 where the user caninput a description for the EPG selector.

The Create New EPG Selector Section 1902 can include Included EPGs Link1908A for accessing included EPGs and/or Included EPGs Section 1910, andExcluded EPGs Link 1908B for accessing excluded EPGs and/or ExcludedEPGs Section 1940. The Included EPGs Section 1910 allows a user todefine attributes or criteria for determining which EPGs should beincluded in the EPG selector, and the Excluded EPGs Section 1940 allowsa user to define attributes or criteria for determining which (if any)EPGs should be excluded from the EPG selector.

The Included EPGs Section 1910 can include one or more InclusionCriteria Sets 1912, 1920 for specifying the parameters, attributesand/or criteria to be used in determining which EPGs should be includedin the EPG selector. For example, the Inclusion Criteria Set 1912 caninclude Inclusion Parameters 1914 that should be met by an EPG to beincluded in the EPG selector. The Inclusion Parameters 1914 can includeObject Definitions 1916A-C and Expressions 1918A-C defining propertiesor attributes associated with the Object Definitions 1916A-C. The ObjectDefinitions 1916A-C can specify or define specific objects, such asEPGs, tenants, distinguished names (DNs), application profiles (APs),VRFs, EPG tags, etc., and the Expressions 1918A-C can define specificproperties or attributes associated with the objects defined in theObject Definitions 1916A-C. The Object Definitions 1916A-C andExpressions 1918A-C can provide the criteria or parameters used todetermine which EPGs should be included in the EPG selector.

For example, the Object Definitions 1916A include EPG, DN, and tenantobjects, and the Expression 1918A includes the value or expression“secure”. Here, the Object Definitions 1916A and Expression 1918Atogether provide that an EPG with DN/tn- (e.g., tenant name) “secure”should be included in the EPG selector. Moreover, the Object Definition1916B includes AP (Application Profile) and the Expression 1918Bincludes the value or expression “Any”, meaning that any applicationprofile should be included in the EPG selector. The Object Definition1916C corresponds to an EPG name and the Expression 1918C includes thevalue or expression “PCI”, meaning that an EPG with the name “PCI”should be included in the EPG selector. Thus, based on the ObjectDefinitions 1916A-C and Expressions 1918A-C, the Inclusion Parameters1914 provide that an EPG would match the conditions or parameters in theObject Definitions 1916A-C and Expressions 1918A-C and would be includedin the EPG selector if it has the DN/tn-secure, is associated with anyapplication profile, and has the name “PCI”.

The Included EPGs Section 1910 can include additional inclusion criteriasets (e.g., 1920). In FIG. 19, the Included EPGs Section 1910 alsoincludes Inclusion Criteria Set 1920, which is another inclusioncriteria set. The Inclusion Criteria Set 1920 in this example includesInclusion Parameters 1922, 1924, and 1926. Inclusion Parameters 1924 and1926 are nested or “AND” parameters, meaning that the InclusionParameters 1924 and 1926 should be met in addition to InclusionParameters 1922 as opposed to alternatively or in lieu of. Thus, to beincluded in the EPG selector based on the Inclusion Parameters 1922,1924, 1926, an EPG should satisfy or meet all of the InclusionParameters 1922, 1924, 1926.

In this example, Inclusion Parameters 1922 includes Object Definitions1928 and Expression 1930. Object Definitions 1928 include tenant, DN,and tn- or tenant name, and Expression 1930 includes the value “secure”.Thus, Object Definitions 1928 and Expression 1930 provide that an EPGshould be included in the EPG selector if the EPG is included in atenant with DN/tn-secure (e.g., EPG in tenant with DN and tenant name“secure”).

Inclusion Parameters 1924 include Object Definitions 1932A (VRF, DN,tn-) and Expression 1934A (“common”), and Object Definition 1932B(context) and Expression 1934B (“default”). According to InclusionParameters 1924, to be included in the EPG selector, in addition tosatisfying the Inclusion Parameters 1914, an EPG should also be in a VRFwith DN/tn-common and the context “default” (ctx-default).

Inclusion Parameters 1926 include Object Definition 1936 (EPG-Tag) andExpression 1938 (“Any”). Thus, based on Inclusion Parameters 1926, to beincluded in the EPG selector, in addition to satisfying the InclusionParameters 1914 and 1924, an EPG should also have an EPG tag “Any”(e.g., any EPG tag).

The Included EPGs Section 1910 can also include Remove Elements 1946which can be selected or used to remove one or more parameters. Forexample, the Inclusion Parameters 1924 and 1926 in the InclusionCriteria Set 1920 can include Remove Elements 1946 that a user can useto remove any or all parameters provided in the Inclusion Parameters1924 and 1926. To illustrate, if the user determines that the InclusionParameters 1926 are unnecessary or should be removed, the user canselect the Remove Element 1946 corresponding to the Inclusion Parameters1926 (e.g., the Remove Element 1946 next to or closest to the InclusionParameters 1926, a remove element that is associated with the InclusionParameters 1926, and/or a remove element that is configured to allow theuser specify what the user wants to remove). The Included EPGs Section1910 can also include Add Elements 1948 that enable a user to addinclusion or exclusion parameters and/or criteria sets.

The Excluded EPGs Section 1940 allows a user to provide ExclusionCriteria Sets 1944. Each exclusion criteria set can include exclusionparameters with object definitions and expressions similar to theIncluded EPGs Section 1910, as well as any other criteria or type ofcriteria.

FIG. 20A illustrates an example Configuration 2020 of a ComplianceRequirement Sets Interface 2000. The Compliance Requirement SetsInterface 2000 can be accessed from the Compliance Requirement Sets Tab902. The Compliance Requirement Sets Interface 2000 can display a Table2010 identifying Compliance Requirement Sets 2012 configured in thesystem, and may be used to access, modify, add, or remove informationassociated with the Compliance Requirement Sets 2012 on the system. TheTable 2010 can include a Name Column 2002, a Status Column 2004 whichindicates whether a compliance requirement set is active or inactive, anAssociation Column 2006 which indicates whether a compliance requirementset is associated with an assurance group (e.g., a group of compliancerequirement sets) or is not associated with an assurance group, and anAction Column 2008.

The Compliance Requirement Sets 2012 in Configuration 2020 are thusdisplayed in the Table 2010 by name, status (e.g., active, inactive),association (e.g., is associated with an assurance group, is notassociated with an assurance group or a group of compliance requirementsets), and action. For example, Row 1 (2016) of the Table 2010 includesa compliance requirement set with the name “Requirement Set 1”, anactive status, and an association with an assurance group.

The Table 2010 in the Compliance Requirement Sets Interface 2000 canalso include Filter Fields 2014A-C where a user can input or selectfiltering criteria or values for filtering Compliance Requirement Sets2012 displayed in the Table 2010. For example, the ComplianceRequirement Sets Interface 2000 can include a Name Filter Field 2014Awhere a user can filter compliance requirement sets by name, a StatusFilter Field 2014B where a user can filter compliance requirement setsby status, and an Association Filter Field 2014C where a user can filtercompliance requirement sets by association (or lack thereof).

The Compliance Requirement Sets Interface 2000 can include a SettingsFunction 2018 which allows a user to modify columns and/or informationpresented in the Table 2010 and/or the Compliance Requirement SetsInterface 2000. For example, the Table 2010 in the example Configuration2020 of the Compliance Requirement Sets Interface 2000 includes a NameColumn 2002, a Status Column 2004, an Association Column 2006, and anAction Column 2008, as previously explained. The Settings Function 2018allows the columns in Table 2010 to be modified to include more or lesscolumns or information, including one or more different or same columns.

For example, with reference to FIG. 20B, when a user selects oractivates the Settings Function 2018, the Compliance Requirement SetsInterface 2000 can present an Interface Element 2022 such as a window,screen, frame, graphic, box, prompt, pop-up, etc., which presentsColumns 2024 that may be added to, or removed from, the Table 2010.Non-limiting examples of columns (2024) that can be added to the Table2010 from the Interface Element 2022 include a compliance requirementset description column, a compliance requirements column identifying thecompliance requirements configured for each compliance requirement setpresented in the Table 2010, an associated assurance groups columnidentifying the assurance groups that the compliance requirement sets(2012) displayed in the Table 2010 are associated with (if any), acolumn indicating a time since each compliance requirement set had a hitfor an associated assurance group, a column indicating the last epochwhere a compliance requirement set had a hit, a column indicatingwhether a compliance requirement set is used in the current epoch, oneor more columns indicating a time or event that last activated acompliance requirement set, one or more columns indicating a time orevent that last changed a compliance requirement set, etc.

FIG. 20C illustrates the Compliance Requirement Sets Interface 2000 andTable 2010 after columns in the Table 2010 have been added and removedvia the Interface Element 2022 accessed from through Settings Function2018. In this example, a Compliance Requirement Set Description Column2030 and a Compliance Requirements Column 2032 have been added to theTable 2010, and the Action Column 2008 has been removed from the Table2010.

The Compliance Requirement Set Description Column 2030 includes adescription of Compliance Requirement Sets 2012 displayed in the Table2010, and the Compliance Requirements Column 2032 includes a link orlist for viewing the compliance requirements configured for theCompliance Requirement Sets 2012 in the Table 2010. The ComplianceRequirement Set Description Column 2030 and the Compliance RequirementsColumn 2032 can include Filters 2014D-E for filtering compliancerequirement sets based on a compliance requirement set description(e.g., Filter 2014D) and/or one or more configured compliancerequirements (e.g., Filter 2014E).

FIG. 20D illustrates a view of Compliance Requirement Sets Interface2000 depicting a Table 2040 of attributes and/or statistics associatedwith a compliance requirement set selected from Compliance RequirementSets 2012 in Table 2010 shown in FIGS. 20A-C. The Table 2040 includes anAssurance Group Column 2042 identifying associated assurance groups, aColumn 2044 identifying a time since the compliance requirement set hada hit for the current assurance group, a Column 2046 identifying a lastepoch where the compliance requirement set had a hit, and a Column 2048identifying whether the compliance requirement set is used in thecurrent epoch.

The Table 2040 can include Rows 2050 of information for Columns2042-2048. Moreover, the Columns 2042-2048 can include Filters 2052A-Dfor filtering information in the Table 2040. For example, Column 2042can include Filter 2052A for filtering information from Column 2042,Column 2044 can include Filter 2052B for filtering information fromColumn 2044, Column 2046 can include Filter 2052C for filteringinformation from Column 2046, and Column 2048 can include Filter 2052Dfor filtering information from Column 2048.

Turning back to FIG. 20C, when a user selects from the ComplianceRequirements Column 2032 to view the compliance requirements associatedwith a compliance requirement set in Table 2010 of the ComplianceRequirement Sets Interface 2000, the system can present an interface orview (e.g., a screen, a frame, a window, a tab, etc.) displaying theselected compliance requirements. For example, if a user selects ViewList Link 2034 from the Compliance Requirements Column 2032 in Table2010, the system will display the compliance requirements associatedwith the compliance requirement set corresponding to the View List Link2034.

To illustrate, with reference to FIG. 21, when a user selects View ListLink 2034, the system can present a Compliance Requirements Interface2100 identifying the compliance requirements (and associatedinformation) associated with the compliance requirement set associatedwith the View List Link 2034. The Compliance Requirements Interface 2100includes a Table 2120 of Compliance Requirements 2118. The Table 2120includes various Columns 2102-2114 of information associated with theCompliance Requirements 2118, and the Columns 2102-2114 can includeFilters 2136A-G for filtering the compliance requirement information inTable 2120.

In this example, the Table 2120 includes a Compliance Requirement NameColumn 2102 which includes the names of the Compliance Requirements2118, a Compliance Requirement Description Column 2104 which includesdescriptions of the Compliance Requirements 2118, a ComplianceRequirement Type Column 2106 which identifies the types of compliancerequirements (e.g., segmentation requirement, traffic restrictionrequirement, naming convention requirement, resource or object attributerequirement, SLA requirement, etc.) of the Compliance Requirements 2118,an EPG Selector A Column 2108 which identifies the EPGs selected as theEPG selector A (e.g., the source or destination EPG) for the ComplianceRequirements 2118, a Communication Operator Column 2110 which identifiesthe communication operators (e.g., may talk, must talk, must not talk,etc.) configured for the Compliance Requirements 2118, an EPG Selector BColumn 2112 which identifies the EPGs selected as the EPG selector B(e.g., the source or destination EPG) for the Compliance Requirements2118, and a Traffic Selector Column 2114 which identifies the specifictraffic selectors configured for the Compliance Requirements 2118.

The various Columns 2102-2114 in Table 2120 include respectiveinformation pertaining to the Compliance Requirements 2118 included inthe Table 2120. To illustrate, in Row 1 (2138) of Table 2120, the NameEntry 2122 in the Compliance Requirement Name Column 2102 indicates thename of the compliance requirement associated with Row 1 (2138) is“Requirement 21”, the Description Entry 2124 in the ComplianceRequirement Description Column 2104 includes the description“Description 21” for the compliance requirement associated with Row 1(2138), the Type Entry 2126 in the Compliance Requirement Type Column2106 indicates that the type of the compliance requirement associatedwith Row 1 (2138) is “Segmentation”, EPG Entry 2128 in the EPG SelectorA Column 2108 indicates that the EPG selected as the EPG Selector A forthe compliance requirement associated with Row 1 (2138) is “EPG-21”, theOperator Entry 2130 in the Communication Operator Column 2110 indicatesthat the communications operator for the compliance requirementassociated with Row 1 (2138) is “May Talk”, the EPG Entry 2132 in theEPG Selector B Column 2112 indicates that the EPG selected as the EPGSelector B for the compliance requirement associated with Row 1 (2138)is “EPG-1”, and the Traffic Selector Entry 2134 in the Traffic SelectorColumn 2114 indicates that the traffic selector configured for thecompliance requirement associated with Row 1 (2138) is “Traffic SelectorF1”.

FIG. 22 illustrates a diagram of an example Definitions Scheme 2200 forconfiguring compliance requirements. Definitions Scheme 2200 firstincludes an EPG Selector Object 2202 representing an EPG Selector A fora compliance requirement. The user here can provide definitions for EPGSelector Object 2202 to configure the EPG selector A for the compliancerequirement. The Definition Sets 2212 provide an example of Definitions2214-2226 set for the EPG Selector Object 2202. The Definitions2214-2226 provide the definitions (e.g., attributes, conditions,expressions, filters, criteria, parameters, etc.) for determining whichEPG(s) should be in the EPG selector Object 2202 (e.g., the EPG(s) to beincluded in the EPG Selector A for the compliance requirement). TheDefinitions 2214-2226 can include definitions for including and/orexcluding EPG(s) in the EPG Selector Object 2202. The exampledefinitions (2214-2226) in the Definition Sets 2212 include criteria forselecting or including an EPG based on a tenant associated with the EPG,a VRF associated with the EPG, an EPG tag associated with the EPG, abridge domain (BD) associated with the EPG, etc.

The Definitions Scheme 2200 further includes a Communication OperatorObject 2204 representing the communication operator for the compliancerequirement. The Communication Operator Object 2204 can include acommunication operator definition (e.g., may talk to, must talk to, mustnot talk to, etc.) for the Communication Operator Object 2204. TheDefinitions Scheme 2200 includes EPG Selector Object 2206 representingthe EPG Selector B for the compliance requirement. The EPG SelectorObject 2206 can include a definitions set with definitions fordetermining which EPG(s) to include in the EPG Selector B, such as theDefinitions 2214-2226 in Definitions Sets 2212 associated with EPGSelector Object 2202 associated with EPG Selector A.

The Definitions Scheme 2200 also includes a Traffic Selector ScopeObject 2208 and a Traffic Selector Object 2210. The Traffic SelectorObject 2210 represents the traffic selector for the compliancerequirement, and can include the definitions for identifying the trafficselector(s) for the compliance requirement. The Traffic Selector ScopeObject 2208 can include definitions specifying the scope or rules fordetermining which traffic selectors configured for the Traffic SelectorObject 2210 can or must satisfy or comply with the compliancerequirement. For example, the Traffic Selector Scope Object 2208 caninclude definition(s) specifying which traffic selectors (e.g., 2210)should satisfy or comply with the requirements defined for theCommunication Operator Object 2204 and the EPG Selector Objects 2202 and2206 (e.g., EPG Selector A may talk to EPG Selector B, EPG Selector Amust talk to EPG Selector B, EPG Selector A must not talk to EPGSelector B, etc.).

To illustrate, the Traffic Selector Scope Object 2208 can specify thatcommunications matching the requirements defined for the CommunicationOperator Object 2204 and the EPG Selector Objects 2202 and 2206 must beallowed/denied on all or any traffic selectors associated with theTraffic Selector Object 2210. For example, the Traffic Selector ScopeObject 2208 can specify that EPG Selector A (e.g., 2202) may, must, ormust not talk to EPG Selector B on all traffic selectors (e.g., 2210).As another example, the Traffic Selector Scope Object 2208 can specifythat EPG Selector A (e.g., 2202) may, must, or must not talk to EPGSelector B on any traffic selectors (e.g., 2210). Thus, the TrafficSelector Scope Object 2208 can define which traffic selectors mustapply/comply with the compliance requirement, including for examplewhether all traffic selectors must apply/comply, whether only a subsetor any (e.g., at least one) of the traffic selectors must apply/comply,etc.

FIG. 23A illustrates an example Configuration 2300 of a Compliance ScoreInterface 2302. The Compliance Score Interface 2302 can displaycompliance scores and statistics. The compliance scores or statisticspresented in the Compliance Score Interface 2302 can be derived by usingany compliance requirements defined as previously described to performassurance operations for determining whether the compliance requirementsare satisfied (fully or partially), applied or enforced, violated (fullyor partially), etc., based on the policies and/or configurationsimplemented in the network, such as ACI policies programmed in a networkcontroller (e.g., an APIC controller), hardware (e.g., TCAM) rulesprogrammed on devices in the network, etc.

In some implementations, the compliance scores and statistics can bedisplayed for specific types or categories of compliance requirements.For example, Compliance Score Interface 2302 can include an Overall Menu2304 for accessing overall compliance scores (e.g., compliance scoresfor all types of compliance requirements, a Segmentation Menu 2306 foraccessing or viewing compliance scores for segmentation requirements, anSLA Requirements Menu 2308 for accessing or viewing compliance scoresfor SLA requirements, an SLA With Traffic Restriction Requirements Menu2310 for accessing or viewing compliance scores for SLA with trafficrestriction requirements, a Naming Convention Requirements Menu 2312 foraccessing or viewing compliance scores for naming conventionrequirements, or a Configuration Requirements Menu 2314 for accessing orviewing compliance scores for a specific configuration requirement.

In the example Configuration 2300 in FIG. 23A, the Compliance ScoreInterface 2302 displays compliance score information under the OverallMenu 2304. Here, the Compliance Score Interface 2302 includes aCompliance Score Graphic 2320A displaying a Compliance Score 2318Aindicating a compliance by Policy 2316A and a Compliance Score Graphic2320B displaying a Compliance Score 2318B indicating a compliance byState 2316B.

The Compliance Score Graphics 2320A-B in this example are pie chartsdivided into Slices 2322-2326 representing or illustrating the numericalproportion of compliance requirements partially or fully violated (Slice2322), not applied (Slice 2324), and fully satisfied (Slice 2326). Thus,the Compliance Score Graphics 2320A-B can provide a total compliancescore (e.g., 2318A and 2318B) and an indication of the number orproportion of compliance requirements that were violated (partially orfully), not applied, or fully satisfied. This information can provide anindication of the degree to which the configuration and/or behavior ofthe network complies or a compliance requirement for a network

FIG. 23B illustrates another Configuration 2350 of the Compliance ScoreInterface 2302 where the slices (e.g., 2322-2326) of Compliance ScoreGraphic 2320A are subdivided by requirement types or categories. Forexample, the Slice 2322 representing compliance requirements that areviolated (partially or fully) is subdivided into Slices 2322A-F, whereeach slice (2322A-F) corresponds to a particular compliance requirementtype or category, such as a segmentation requirement, an SLArequirement, an SLA with traffic restriction requirement, a namingconvention requirement, a resource attribute requirement, a specificconfiguration requirement, etc. Moreover, the Slice 2324 representingcompliance requirements that are not applied is subdivided into Slices2324A-F, where each slice (2324A-F) corresponds to a particularcompliance requirement type or category. Further, the Slice 2326representing compliance requirements that are fully satisfied issubdivided into Slices 2326A-F, where each slice (2326A-F) correspondsto a particular compliance requirement type or category.

In some cases, the Compliance Score Graphics 2320A-B and/or the Slices(2322, 2324, 2326, 2322A-F, 2324A-F, 2326A-F) in FIGS. 23A and 23B canbe dynamic, and can be selected to drill down (e.g., access morespecific details) on the associated information. For example, a user canselect Slice 2322A representing the compliance requirements violated(partially or fully) for a specific compliance requirement type orcategory (e.g., a segmentation requirement, an SLA requirement, etc.) toaccess additional information or statistics associated with that slice(i.e., Slice 2322A), such as a timestamp or epoch of each violation, thespecific compliance requirement(s) that were violated, the specificnetwork policies or conditions that caused the compliance requirementviolations, any patterns associated with the compliance requirementviolations, items associated with the compliance requirement violations(e.g., objects, network segments, network devices, networkconfigurations or policies, packets or flows, etc.), information aboutthe compliance requirement violations (e.g., descriptions,notifications, statistics, compliance or configuration suggestions,violation culprits, requirements information, network conditions duringthe compliance requirement violations, information about objectsassociated with the compliance violations such as VRFs or EPGs, etc.),and/or any other relevant information.

While the Compliance Score Graphics 2320A-B in FIGS. 23A-B are shown aspie charts, it should be noted that such configuration or implementationis provided as a non-limiting example for explanation purposes, andother types or configurations of the Compliance Score Graphics 2320A-Band/or other ways for presenting the compliance score information arealso contemplated herein. For example, in some implementations, thecompliance score information can be presented in a list, report, bargraph, table, log, heat map, and/or in any other scheme or configurationeither in addition to or in lieu of the pie charts depicted by theCompliance Score Graphics 2320A-B.

FIG. 24A illustrates an example View 2400 of a Compliance AnalysisInterface 2402. The compliance and analysis information presented in theCompliance Analysis Interface 2402 can be derived by using anycompliance requirements defined as previously described, to performassurance operations for determining whether the compliance requirementsare satisfied (fully or partially), applied or enforced, violated (fullyor partially), etc., based on the policies and/or configurationsimplemented in the network.

In View 2400, the Compliance Analysis Interface 2402 includes a Section2404 identifying compliance events by severity, including CriticalViolations 2406A, Major Violations 2406B, Minor Violations 2406C,Warnings 20406D, Enforcements 2406E, and Total 2406F. The ComplianceAnalysis Interface 2402 can also include a Section 2408 identifyingcompliance violations by compliance type, including violations forCommunication Requirements 2410A, Resource Attribute Requirements 2410B,and Naming Convention Requirements 2410C.

The Compliance Analysis Interface 2402 can further include a Section2412 identifying unhealthy resources, including tenants (2414A),application profiles (2414B) and EPGs (2414C), by communicationcompliance issues. Moreover, the Compliance Analysis Interface 2402 caninclude a Section 2416 identifying unhealthy resources, includingtenants (2414A), VRFs (2414D), EPGs (2414C), BDs (2414D), and subnets(2414E), by resource attribute compliance issues. The ComplianceAnalysis Interface 2402 can also include a Section 2420 identifyingunhealthy resources, including tenants (2414A), VRFs (2414D), EPGs(2414C), BDs (2414D), and subnets (2414E), by naming conventioncompliance issues. In this example, the Sections 2412, 2416, and 2420can provide resource or object specific violations or issues for each ofthe compliance types in Section 2408. Thus, the Sections 2412, 2416, and2420 can provide a different or more granular view of the violations orissues identified for each compliance type in Section 2408.

FIG. 24B illustrates another View 2430 of the Compliance AnalysisInterface 2402 including various Tables 2432-2442 of complianceinformation and statistics. In this example, the Compliance AnalysisInterface 2402 includes a Table 2432 presenting the top tenants by EPGcount violations, a Table 2434 presenting the top tenants bycommunication compliance issues, a Table 2436 presenting the top tenantsby resource attribute issues, a Table 2438 presenting the top tenants bynaming convention issues, a Table 2440 presenting the top tenants byresource attribute issue type, and a Table 2442 presenting complianceviolations and enforcements by compliance requirement sets andcompliance requirements.

The Table 2432 presenting the top tenants by EPG count violations caninclude a Tenant Column 2444 identifying tenants for each row ofstatistics or information, a Communication Requirement Count Column 2446including the number of communication compliance requirement violationsfor each tenant in Tenant Column 2444, a Resource Attribute Count Column2448 including the number of resource attribute compliance requirementviolations for each tenant in Tenant Column 2444, and a NamingConvention Count Column 2450 including the number of naming conventioncompliance requirement violations for each tenant in Tenant Column 2444.

The Table 2434 presenting the top tenants by communication complianceissues can include Tenant Column 2444, and Columns 2452-2456 includingthe number of communication compliance issues (e.g., traffic selectorissues, traffic compliance issues, etc.) for various types of events,such as critical events (2452), major events (2454), and minor events(2456). For example, Column 2452 can display the number of criticalevents (e.g., communication compliance critical events) for each tenantin Tenant Column 2444, Column 2454 can display the number of majorevents (e.g., communication compliance major events) for each tenant inTenant Column 2444, and Column 2456 can display the number of minorevents (e.g., communication compliance minor events) for each tenant inTenant Column 2444.

The Table 2436 presenting the top tenants by resource attributecompliance issues can include Tenant Column 2444, and Columns 2452-2456including the number of resource attribute compliance issues for varioustypes of events, such as critical events (2452), major events (2454),and minor events (2456). For example, Column 2452 can display the numberof critical events (e.g., resource attribute compliance critical events)for each tenant in Tenant Column 2444, Column 2454 can display thenumber of major events (e.g., resource attribute compliance majorevents) for each tenant in Tenant Column 2444, and Column 2456 candisplay the number of minor events (e.g., resource attribute complianceminor events) for each tenant in Tenant Column 2444.

The Table 2438 presenting the top tenants by naming convention issuescan include Tenant Column 2444, and Columns 2452-2456 including thenumber of naming convention compliance issues for various types ofevents, such as critical events (2452), major events (2454), and minorevents (2456). For example, Column 2452 can display the number ofcritical events (e.g., naming convention compliance critical events) foreach tenant in Tenant Column 2444, Column 2454 can display the number ofmajor events (e.g., naming convention compliance major events) for eachtenant in Tenant Column 2444, and Column 2456 can display the number ofminor events (e.g., naming convention compliance minor events) for eachtenant in Tenant Column 2444.

The Table 2440 presenting the top tenants by resource attribute issuetype can include Tenant Column 2444, and Columns 2458-2468 including thenumber of compliance issues for various resource attribute issue types,such as flood properties (Column 2458), endpoint learning properties(Column 2460), DHCP relay properties (Column 2462), gateway properties(Column 2464), privacy properties (Column 2466), and VRF properties(Column 2468).

The Table 2442 presenting compliance violations and enforcements bycompliance requirement sets and compliance requirements can include aCompliance Requirement Set Column 2470, identifying specific compliancerequirement sets in the Table 2442, a Compliance Requirement Column2472, identifying specific compliance requirements in the compliancerequirement sets listed in Table 2442, a Compliance Requirement TypeColumn 2474, identifying specific compliance requirement types in theTable 2442, a Violation and Enforcement Column 2476, identifying whetherthe specific compliance requirement sets in the Table 2442 are violatedor enforced, and a Not Applied Column 2478, identifying whether thespecific compliance requirement sets in the Table 2442 have beenapplied.

FIG. 25 illustrates an example Compliance Events Search Interface 2500.The Compliance Events Search Interface 2500 allows users to search forspecific compliance events generated or calculated based on compliancerequirements or compliance requirement sets defined as previouslydescribed. The Compliance Events Search Interface 2500 can include aSearch Interface 2502 where the user can input search criteria andexecute a search based on the search criteria. The Search Interface 2502includes Search Input Area 2504 where the user can input or selectfilters (e.g., search criteria) and a Search Filters Area 2506 thatincludes or identifies each search filter that has been added orconfigured for a search. Non-limiting examples of search filters caninclude an event severity filter (e.g., critical, major, minor, warning,etc.), an event type filter (e.g., type of compliance requirement eventor issue), an event description filter, an event name filter, an objectfilter (e.g., EPG, VRF, tenant, BD, application profile, EPG tag, etc.),and so forth.

The Compliance Events Search Interface 2500 can include a Search ResultsSection 2510 which presents Results 2522 of the search performed basedon the filters (e.g., 2506) provided in the Search Input Area 2504. TheResults 2522 can include the events that match the filters implementedin the search as well as information associated with the events, such asa severity, a description, an event name, an event type, an event count,an EPG compliance requirement set associated with the event, etc.

Search Results Section 2510 can include Aggregated Events Option 2508Afor displaying aggregated events and Individual Events Option 2508B fordisplaying individual events. In this example, Results 2522 includeaggregated events based on Aggregated Events Option 2508A.

The Search Results Section 2510 can include various Columns 2512-2520 ofinformation presented as part of the Results 2522. For example, theSearch Results Section 2510 can include a Severity Column 2512indicating the severity (e.g., critical, major, minor, warning, etc.) ofeach event in the Results 2522, an Event Name Column 2514 identifyingthe name of each event, an Event Subcategory Column 2516 indicating anassociated event subcategory, a Count Column 2518 indicating a count foreach event, and an Event Description Column 2520 including anydescription available (if any) for each event. The Search ResultsSection 2510 can also include Filters 2524A-C for applying specificfilters to the Results 2522.

Having disclosed example system components and concepts, the disclosurenow turns to the example methods for creating and verifying securitycompliance requirements, shown in FIGS. 26-28. The steps outlined hereinare examples and can be implemented in any combination, includingcombinations that exclude, add, or modify certain steps.

With reference to FIG. 26, at step 2602, a method for creating securitycompliance requirements and verifying the security compliancerequirements in a network can include receiving, via a user interface,EPG inclusion rules (e.g., 1914, 1922, 1924, 1926, 1944) defining whichEPGs on a network (e.g., Network Environment 100) should be included ineach of a plurality of EPG selectors (e.g., EPG Selectors 1116, EPGSelectors 1506). The plurality of EPG selectors can represent respectivesets of EPGs that satisfy the EPG inclusion rules.

The EPG inclusion rules can be received via, for example, a portion,section, or interface of the user interface, which allows a user tocreate and/or configure EPG selectors, such as New EPG SelectorInterface 1900. Moreover, the EPG inclusion rules can include rules,criteria, parameters, conditions, etc., for including EPGs in the EPGselectors as well as excluding EPGs from the EPG selectors (e.g., 1914,1916A-C, 1918A-C, 1922, 1924, 1926, 1928, 1930, 1932A-B, 1934A-B, 1936,1938, 1944). For example, the EPG inclusion rules can include filtersfor selecting EPGs in the network for inclusion in an EPG selectorsbased on a VRF associated with the EPGs, a tenant associated with theEPGs, an application profile associated with the EPGs, a name (orportion of a name) associated with the EPGs, a tag (e.g., EPG tag)associated with the EPGs, a label associated with the EPGs, and/or anyother criteria or attributes associated with the EPGs.

At step 2604, the method can include selecting the respective sets ofEPGs that satisfy the EPG inclusion rules for inclusion in the pluralityof EPG selectors. In some examples, each respective set of EPGs can beselected based on a respective portion of the EPG inclusion rules thatis associated with, or applies to, the respective set of EPGs. Forexample, each respective set of EPGs can be selected based on thoserules in the EPG inclusion rules that apply to the respective set ofEPGs and/or define criteria (e.g., parameters, filters, conditions,attributes, etc.) that match the respective set of EPGs.

At step 2606, the method can involve creating the plurality of EPGselectors based on the respective sets of EPGs. Each of the respectivesets of EPGs can include one or more EPGs, and each of the plurality ofEPG selectors can include one or more of the respective sets of EPGs.

At step 2608, the method can include creating a traffic selectorincluding traffic parameters (e.g., 1818, 1820, 1832, 1834, 1842, 1844,1846, 1852, 1856, 1858A, 1858B, 1862, 1864, 1872, 1874, 1876, 1890)received via the user interface. The traffic selector can be created asshown in FIGS. 18A-E via a traffic selector interface (e.g., New TrafficSelector Interface 1800) associated with the user interface. The trafficselector can represent or include, for example, specific traffic,including a specific type(s) of traffic, a specific category (orcategories) of traffic, a specific class (or classes) of traffic,traffic having specific attributes, etc.

The traffic represented by the traffic selector can be defined by thetraffic parameters. For example, the traffic parameters can be used toidentify, classify, select, filter, etc., specific traffic to beincluded in, added to, associated with, mapped to, applied to, etc., thetraffic selector. The traffic parameters can include, for example,traffic attributes, criteria, categories, filters, etc., for trafficassociated with the traffic selector. Non-limiting examples of trafficparameters include traffic protocols (e.g., OSPF, EGP, IGP, TCP, UDP,ICMP, IGMP, EIGRP, PIM, any, etc.), EtherTypes (e.g., IPv6, IPv4, MPLS,Trill, ARP, FCOE, MAC security, unspecified, etc.), ports (e.g., sourceports, destination ports), exceptions, flags, traffic direction-basedtraffic settings, addresses, state (e.g., session state, protocol state,etc.), port ranges, traffic priority values, etc., any of which can beused to identify, select, classify, associate, include, etc., traffic bymatching or comparing the traffic with the traffic parameters. Trafficmatching the traffic parameters for a traffic selector can be associatedwith, added to, or assigned to the traffic selector.

At step 2610, the method can include creating a security compliancerequirement for the network based on a first EPG selector (e.g., theChosen EPG Selector 1202 for EPG Selector A as shown in FIG. 17C) fromthe plurality of EPG selectors, a second EPG selector (e.g., the ChosenEPG Selector 1752 for EPG Selector B as shown in FIG. 17C) from theplurality of EPG selectors, the traffic selector, and a communicationoperator (e.g., Communication Operator Definition 1018B) defining acommunication condition (e.g., 1708) for traffic associated with thefirst EPG selector, the second EPG selector, and the traffic selector.The security compliance requirement can be created and configured usingthe user interface.

To illustrate, as shown in FIGS. 17A-C, a user can access ComplianceRequirement Interface 1000 to create the security compliancerequirement. Using Compliance Requirement Interface 1000, the user canconfigure the security compliance requirement by, for example andwithout limitation, selecting EPG selectors (e.g., EPG selector A andEPG selector B) for the security compliance requirement, specifying acommunication operator (e.g., Communication Operator 1708 associatedwith Communication Operator Definition 1018B) for the securitycompliance requirement, and selecting a traffic selector (e.g., ChosenTraffic Selector 1754 associated with associated with ComplianceDefinition 1704, Chosen Traffic Selector 1760 associated with ComplianceDefinition 1704) for the security compliance requirement.

The communication operator a communication condition or requirement fortraffic between EPGs in the EPG selectors associated with the securitycompliance requirement (e.g., the first and second EPG selectors).Non-limiting examples of communication operators include a “may talk to”condition, a “may only talk to” condition, a “must be able to talk to”condition, and a “must not talk to” condition. For example, thecommunication operator configured for the security compliancerequirement can specify that the first EPG selector may talk to thesecond EPG selector on the traffic selector, the first EPG selector mayonly talk to the second EPG selector on the traffic selector, the firstEPG selector must be able to talk to the second EPG selector on thetraffic selector, or the first EPG selector must not talk to the secondEPG selector on the traffic selector.

The security compliance requirement can define a security requirementthat should be enforced, applied, satisfied, etc., in the network fortraffic between the EPGs in the EPG selectors of the security compliancerequirement, which matches the attributes, criteria, etc., specified bythe security compliance requirement, such as the conditions provided bythe communication operator(s) and the traffic selector(s) defined forthe security compliance requirement. The security compliance requirementcan be used to perform a compliance or assurance verification (e.g., viaan assurance, compliance, or containment check as further describedherein) in the network. The compliance or assurance verification candetermine whether the policies, state, and/or configuration of thenetwork comply (e.g., apply, satisfy, etc.) the security compliancerequirement or otherwise violate (fully or partially) or fail toapply/enforce the security compliance requirement.

At step 2612, the method can include determining whether securitypolicies (e.g., rules, contracts, policy settings, filters, accesscontrol list entries, etc.) on the network (e.g., security policiesconfigured on Controller 116, Leafs 104, etc.) comply (e.g., satisfy,violate, apply, enforce, etc.) with the security compliance requirement.In some cases, this determination can involve comparing securitypolicies on the network with the security compliance requirement todetermine whether the security compliance requirement is satisfied(fully or partially), violated (fully or partially), applied, orenforced by the security policies.

In some implementations, a compliance system (e.g., Assurance ApplianceSystem 300, Policy Analyzer 504, Formal Analysis Engine 522) can obtainthe security compliance requirement and perform a check (e.g., anequivalence, assurance, or compliance check) by comparing the securitycompliance requirement (or a representation thereof) with securitypolicies on the network (or a representation thereof) to determinewhether the security policies comply with the security compliancerequirement. For example, the compliance system can perform a checkbetween the security policies and the security compliance requirement asdescribed in FIGS. 5A-C and 6A-C.

In some examples, a compliance system (e.g., Assurance Appliance System300) can use a model of the network (e.g., Logical Model 270, HardwareModel 276, etc.) to determine whether policies on the network (e.g.,policies represented in the model) comply with the security compliancerequirement. For example, the compliance system can generate a datastructure, such as a BDD (e.g., 540), an ROBDD (e.g., 600A, 600B, 600C),an n-bit vector or string, a flat list of rules, etc., representingLogical Model 270 (and/or policies and configurations therein) as wellas a data structure for each pair of EPGs from the first and second EPGselectors (e.g., each pair of EPGs including one EPG from the first EPGselector and one EPG from the second EPG selector) representing the pairof EPGs, the communication operator, and the traffic selector.

The compliance system can then perform a containment check for the datastructure of each pair of EPGs to determine if the data structure ofeach pair of EPGs is contained in the data structure representingLogical Model 270. If the data structures of each pair of EPGs arecontained in the data structure representing Logical Model 270, thecompliance system can determine that the policies in the network satisfythe security compliance requirement. If the data structure of one ormore pairs of EPGs is not contained (fully and/or partially) in the datastructure representing Logical Model 270, the compliance system candetermine that the policies in the network violate or do not apply thesecurity compliance requirement.

For example, assume the first EPG selector includes EPG1 and EPG2, andthe second EPG selector of the security compliance requirement includesEPG3 and EPG4. Further assume that the communication operator includesthe conditions “must talk to”, and the traffic selector includes thetraffic parameters TCP protocol and Ethertype IPv6. Based on the firstand second EPG selectors, the communication operator, and the trafficselector, the security compliance requirement in this example providesthat EPG1 and EPG 2 (i.e., the first EPG selector) must talk to EPG 3and EPG 4 (i.e., the second EPG selector) using TCP protocol and IPv6.

To determine whether the policies in the network comply with thisexample security compliance requirement, the compliance system cancreate a BDD representing EPG1, EPG3, the communication operator, andthe traffic selector; a BDD representing EPG1, EPG4, the communicationoperator, and the traffic selector; a BDD representing EPG2, EPG3, thecommunication operator, and the traffic selector; and a BDD representingEPG2, EPG4, the communication operator, and the traffic selector. Here,the compliance system has created a BDD for each pair of EPGs in thefirst and second EPG selectors, representing the security compliancerequirement as it pertains to each pair of EPGs. The compliance systemcan then perform a containment check for each BDD by determining whethereach BDD is contained in a BDD created for Logical Model 270. The BDDcreated for Logical Model 270 can represent the policies andconfigurations of the network.

If the BDDs for all the pairs of EPGs are contained in the BDD createdfor Logical Model 270, the compliance system can determine that thepolicies in the network comply with the security compliance requirement.On the other hand, if one or more BDDs corresponding to one or more ofthe pairs of EPGs are not fully contained in the BDD created for LogicalModel 270, the compliance system can determine that the securitycompliance requirement is at least partially violated or not fullyapplied by the policies in the network.

To illustrate, assume Logical Model 270 contains the following policiesfor traffic between EPG1 and EPG2:

R1: Source=EPG1; Destination=EPG2; Protocol=TCP; Type=IPv4; Port=80;Action=Allow R2: Source=EPG1; Destination=EPG2; Protocol=*; Type=*;Port=*; Action=Deny

In addition, assume a security compliance requirement has been createdwith the following security requirements for traffic between EPG1 andEPG2:

S1: EPG1 may talk to EPG2 only on Protocol TCP, EtherType IPv4, and Port80;where EPG1 is an EPG from EPG Selector A, EPG2 is an EPG from EPGSelector B, “must talk to” represents the communication operatorassociated with the security compliance requirement, and the trafficparameters “only on Protocol TCP, EtherType IPv4, and Port 80” representthe traffic selector associated with the security compliancerequirement.

To perform a containment check between rules S1 and R1 and R2, themethod can can create respective data structures, such as BDDs, for S1,R1, and R2, and determine whether the BDD for S1 is contained within theBDD for R1 and R2. In this example, R1 provides that traffic betweenEPG1 and EPG2 transmitted over TCP, IPv4, and port 80 is allowed; whileR2 provides that all traffic between EPG1 and EPG2 is denied. Since R1has a higher priority than R2, the result is that traffic between EPG1and EPG2 transmitted over TCP, IPv4, and port 80 is allowed and allother traffic between EPG1 and EPG2 is denied. These requirements in R1and R2 are consistent with the requirements in S1. Therefore, thecontainment check will result in an equivalency between the respectivedata structures for S1, R1, and R2, indicating that the securitycompliance requirement as it pertains to EPG1 and EPG2 is satisfied bythe policies in Logical Model 270 for traffic between EPG1 and EPG2(i.e., R1 and R2).

At step 2614, the method can include generating compliance assuranceevents indicating whether the security policies configured on thenetwork comply with the security compliance requirement. For example,after determining whether the policies in the network comply with thesecurity compliance requirement, the compliance system can generatecompliance assurance events based on the results of the check from step2612. The compliance system can raise or generate an event for eachcompliance result or determination, or raise or generate events only forcertain types of compliance results or determinations, such as when thesecurity compliance requirement is violated (fully and/or partially),satisfied (fully and/or partially), not applied or enforced, etc.

In some cases, the method can include presenting the complianceassurance events on a display or interface (e.g., 2302, 2402, 2500). Thecompliance assurance events presented can include compliance results.The compliance results can indicate whether the security compliancerequirement was violated (partially or fully), satisfied (partially orfully), applied or enforced, etc. The compliance results can be specificto an epoch or a period when the compliance check was performed.However, in some cases, the compliance results can include results fromother compliance checks and/or periods or epochs, for example.

The compliance assurance events and/or compliance results presented inthe graphical user interface can include compliance scores, event counts(e.g., violations, compliance warnings, passed compliance checks,enforcement events, etc.), information about the security compliancerequirement(s) checked, information about resources or objects (e.g.,EPGs, VRFs, tenants, bridge domains, subnets, application profiles,contracts, filters, workloads, devices, etc.) associated with one ormore security compliance requirements checks, an indication of thepolicies or objects implicated by an event (e.g., policies or objectsthat caused the event to be raised), etc.

In some cases, the information presented for the compliance assuranceevents and/or compliance results can be grouped into one or morecategories and presented by category or categories. For example,compliance assurance events and/or compliance results can be presentedby type of security compliance requirement, type of result (e.g.,violation, enforcement, requirement pass, warning, etc.), type of objector resource (e.g., by tenant, EPG, VRF, tenant, subnet, server, resourceor security group, etc.), severity of event (e.g., critical, major,minor, warning, etc.), type of issue, event count, resource attributes(e.g., flood properties, VRF properties, privacy properties, endpointproperties, etc.), specific policies or requirements, etc.

Moreover, the information can be presented in different ways based onone or more factors such as user preferences. For example, complianceassurance events and related information can be presented based on aspecific organization or sorting of the compliance assurance events andrelated information. To illustrate, compliance assurance events can besorted and presented by event counts, epochs (or any interval orschedule), priorities, severity, event or resource rankings, compliancescores, compliance requirement types, compliance issues, resource orevent attributes, specific policies, specific compliance requirements,compliance requirement sets, etc.

In some cases, compliance assurance events can be presented along withan indication of a cause for the events being raised. For example,compliance assurance events can be presented along with an indication ofa cause for the security compliance requirement being satisfied,violated, or not applied. When presenting the cause, the specificobjects and/or policies involved in the cause and/or included in thesecurity compliance requirement can also be identified. For example,assume a compliance assurance event is generated for a securitycompliance requirement that is violated. The compliance assurance eventidentifying the violation can be presented along with an indication ofthe policies, requirements, or objects that caused the violation and/ora list of policy constructs (e.g., EPGs, VRF, application profile,bridge domain, tenant, filter, contract, etc.) associated with thesecurity compliance requirement, the policy or policies that caused theviolation, and/or the resources or objects involved in the violation orthe compliance check. For example, the violation can be presented alongwith an indication that the violation was caused by a specific contractor rule between a specific consumer EPG and a specific provider EPG.

In some cases, the method can include grouping security compliancerequirements into sets including multiple security compliancerequirements. Moreover, a specific security compliance requirement orsecurity compliance requirement set can be associated with a particularfabric or segment of the network and applied specifically to thatparticular fabric or segment of the network. For example, if the networkincludes multiple fabrics, a security compliance requirement or securitycompliance requirements set can be associated with one or more fabrics,and used to check if the one or more fabrics (or the policies associatedwith the one or more fabrics) comply with such security compliancerequirement or security compliance requirements set. Thus, step 2612 fordetermining compliance can be performed based on the security policiesin the one or more fabrics and the security compliance requirement orsecurity compliance requirements set.

In some cases, the method can include determining whether a state of thenetwork complies with the security compliance requirement. For example,the method can include comparing the security compliance requirement torules programmed on the network devices (e.g., switches, routers, etc.)in the network, such as ACLs and/or rules programmed on the hardwarememory (e.g., TCAM) of network nodes (e.g., Leafs 104). To illustrate,the method can include comparing (e.g., by performing a containment orassurance check) one or more first data structures (e.g., BDDs, ROBDDs,vectors, flat rules, etc.) representing the security compliancerequirement with one or more second data structures (e.g., BDDs, ROBDDs,vectors, flat rules, etc.) representing hardware policy entries (e.g.,TCAM entries) configured on network devices in the network, and based onthe comparison, determining whether the hardware policy entriesconfigured on the network devices satisfy, violate, or apply thesecurity compliance requirement.

In some implementations, the one or more second data structuresrepresenting hardware policy entries configured on the network devicescan be created based on one or more hardware models (e.g., HardwareModel 276) created for the network. For example, a hardware modelassociated with a switch in the network can be used to construct one ormore BDDs, which can represent a portion of the state of the networkreflected in the switch (e.g., the rules programmed on the switch forimplementing or enforcing security policies in the network), and the oneor more BDDs can be used to determine if the portion of the state of thenetwork complies with the security compliance requirement. Similarcontainment checks can be performed using hardware models associatedwith other switches in the network, and the aggregated results canindicate whether the state of the network complies with the securitycompliance requirement. In some cases, this can involve performing acontainment check by checking if one or more BDDs created for, andrepresenting, the security compliance requirement are contained in theone or more BDDs constructed from the hardware model(s) representing thestate of the network.

FIG. 27 illustrates an example method for creating a security compliancerequirement and determining compliance of policies involving objects ona same network context. The objects can include, for example, EPGs,application profiles, contracts, network domains, filters, tenants,policies, policy constructs, etc. Moreover, the network context caninclude, for example, a private network, a network domain, a VRF, asubnet, a bridge domain, etc. In this example method, the objects areEPGs and the network context is a VRF. However, in other examples, theobjects and/or network context can include other types of objects,policy constructs, and/or network contexts, such as security groups,subnets, bridge domains, network contexts, group policy objects, etc.

At step 2702, the method can include creating a security compliancerequirement (e.g., via Compliance Requirement Interface 1000 as shown inFIGS. 17A-C) for a network (e.g., 100), the security compliancerequirement including a first EPG selector (e.g., the Chosen EPGSelector 1202 for EPG Selector A as shown in FIG. 17C) and a second EPGselector (e.g., the Chosen EPG Selector 1752 for EPG Selector B as shownin FIG. 17C) representing respective sets of EPGs, a traffic selector,and a communication operator (e.g., Communication Operator Definition1018B).

The respective sets of EPGs associated with the first and second EPGselectors can be selected or determined based on EPG inclusion rules(e.g., 1914, 1922, 1924, 1926, 1944) as previously explained. Thetraffic selector can include traffic parameters (e.g., 1818, 1820, 1832,1834, 1842, 1844, 1846, 1852, 1856, 1858A, 1858B, 1862, 1864, 1872,1874, 1876, 1890) identifying traffic associated with the trafficselector. The traffic parameters can be used to match traffic to thetraffic selector and/or identify what traffic corresponds to the trafficselector. The communication operator can define a communicationcondition (e.g., 1708) for traffic associated with the first and secondEPG selectors and the traffic selector, such as a “may talk to”condition, a “must talk to” condition, a “must not talk to” condition, a“may only talk to” condition, etc.

At step 2704, the method can involve creating, for each distinct pair ofEPGs from the respective sets of EPGs, a first respective data structurerepresenting the distinct pair of EPGs, the communication operator, andthe traffic selector. The distinct pair of EPGs can include a respectiveEPG from each of the first EPG selector and the second EPG selector(e.g., each pair of EPGs can include one EPG from the first EPG selectorand one EPG from the second EPG selector). The first respective datastructure can be, for example, a BDD (e.g., 540), an ROBDD (e.g., 600A,600B, 600C), an n-bit vector or string, a flat list of rules, etc.,representing the distinct pair of EPGs, the communication operator, andthe traffic selector. For example, the first respective data structurecan be a BDD representing one or more variables, rules, values, Booleanfunctions, etc., associated with the distinct pair of EPGs, thecommunication operator, and the traffic selector. FIGS. 5A-C and 6A-Cand their accompanying description provide example data structures, suchas ROBDDs, generated for example objects and/or rules and used toperform assurance or containment checks.

At step 2706, the method can include creating a second respective datastructure representing a model of the network (e.g., Logical Model 270).The second respective data structure can be, for example, a BDD (e.g.,540), an ROBDD (e.g., 600A, 600B, 600C), an n-bit vector or string, aflat list of rules, etc., representing the model (e.g., Logical Model270) of the network and/or policies and configurations therein.

At step 2708, the method can include determining whether the firstrespective data structure is contained in the second respective datastructure to yield a containment check. For example, a compliancesystem, such as Assurance Appliance System 300, can perform acontainment check for each first respective data structure (e.g., thedata structure created for each distinct pair of EPGs) to determine ifeach first respective data structure is contained in the secondrespective data structure representing the model of the network.

At step 2710, the method can include determining whether securitypolicies configured on the network comply with (e.g., satisfy, violate,or apply) the security compliance requirement based on the containmentcheck. For example, if the first respective data structure of eachdistinct pair of EPGs is contained in the second respective datastructure representing the model of the network (e.g., Logical Model270), a compliance system (e.g., Assurance Appliance System 300) candetermine that the policies in the network satisfy the securitycompliance requirement. If the first respective data structure of eachdistinct pair of EPGs is not contained (fully and/or partially) in thesecond respective data structure representing the model of the network,the compliance system can determine that the policies in the networkviolate or do not apply the security compliance requirement. If onlysome of the first respective data structures are not contained (fullyand/or partially) in the second respective data structure, thecompliance system can determine that only some policies in the networkviolate or do not apply the security compliance requirement.

In some cases, the compliance system can determine which policies in thenetwork and/or which policy constructs or policies represented by thefirst respective data structures violate or do not apply the securitycompliance requirement based on the containment check. For example, thecompliance system can identify which of the first respective datastructures are not contained in the second respective data structure andbased on this determine which policies and/or policy constructs areassociated with the failed containment check.

In some cases, the method can include determining that each EPG in atleast one distinct pair of EPGs from the sets of EPGs is associated withthe same network context (e.g., the same VRF). For example, in somecases, the process for performing containment checks can vary dependingon whether the EPGs in a pair of EPGs represented by the firstrespective data structure are in the same or different network context(e.g., same VRF). To illustrate, when the EPGs are in the same networkcontext (e.g., same VRF), step 2710 can involve determining whether thepolicies associated with the network context (e.g., the VRF) satisfy,violate, or apply the security compliance requirement, as describedherein.

On the other hand, if the EPGs in a pair of EPGs are in differentnetwork contexts, the containment check process can involve determiningwhere the policies associated with the pair of EPGs may be located(e.g., which network context), as described below with respect to FIG.28. For example, in some cases, the policies associated with a pair ofEPGs in different network contexts can be set or located in only one ofthe network contexts, both network contexts, or none of the networkcontexts. Accordingly, to perform a compliance check, the method mayinvolve determining where (e.g., which network context or contexts) tolook in or check for policies. To illustrate, in some cases, policiesassociated with a consumer EPG and a provider EPG can be located or setin the network context associated with the consumer EPG. Thus, thepolicies may not be located or set in the network context associatedwith the provider EPG. Therefore, to perform the containment check forthe policies associated with the consumer and provider EPGs, the methodcan involve locating the policies in the network context associated withthe consumer EPG. Additional details and a description of an examplemethod for performing containment checks involving EPGs in differentnetwork contexts are provided below with reference to FIG. 28.

Referring to FIG. 27, in this example method the EPGs are in the sameVRF. As previously explained, in some examples, the policies associatedwith EPGs in a same network context, such as a VRF, can be contained inthe network context. Accordingly, in this example, the second respectivedata structure can be created based at least partly on the policies inthe model that are associated with the VRF of the EPGs. The secondrespective data structure can thus represent policies associated withthe VRF. The containment check can therefore involve checking if eachfirst respective data structure is contained in the second respectivedata structure representing the policies associated with the VRF.

In other examples, despite the EPGs being in the same network context,the second respective data structure can be created based all thepolicies in the model (e.g., Logical Model 270) or policies associatedwith any other portion of the model. The containment check can thusinvolve checking if each first respective data structure is contained ina second respective data structure that represents all of the policiesin the model or policies associated with any other portion of the model.

In some cases, the method can include generating one or more complianceassurance events indicating whether the security policies comply withthe security compliance requirement. The one or more complianceassurance events can be based on the compliance result in step 2710. Forexample, after determining whether the policies in the network complywith the security compliance requirement, a compliance system cangenerate compliance assurance events based on the results of the checkfrom step 2710. The compliance system can raise or generate an event foreach compliance result or determination, or raise or generate eventsonly for certain types of compliance results or determinations, such aswhen the security compliance requirement is violated (fully and/orpartially), satisfied (fully and/or partially), not applied or enforced,etc.

In some cases, the method can include presenting the one or morecompliance assurance events on a display or interface (e.g., 2302, 2402,2500). The compliance assurance events presented can include thecompliance results. The compliance results can indicate whether thesecurity compliance requirement was violated (partially or fully),satisfied (partially or fully), applied or enforced, etc. The complianceresults can be specific to an epoch or a current period when thecompliance check was performed. However, in some cases, the complianceresults can include results from other compliance checks, such ascompliance checks performed at various periods of time or epochs, forexample.

When presenting the compliance assurance events and/or complianceresults, the presented information can include compliance scores, eventcounts, information about the security compliance requirement(s)checked, information about resources or objects associated with one ormore security compliance requirements checks, an indication of thepolicies or objects implicated by an event, etc. In some cases, theinformation presented for the compliance assurance events and/orcompliance results can be grouped into one or more categories andpresented by category or categories. For example, compliance assuranceevents and/or results can be presented by type of security compliancerequirement, type of result, type of object or resource, severity ofevent, type of issue, event count, resource attributes, specificpolicies or requirements, etc.

Moreover, the information can be presented in different ways andconfigurations based on one or more factors such as user preferences.For example, compliance assurance events and related information can bepresented based on a specific organization or sorting of the complianceassurance events and related information. In some cases, complianceassurance events can be presented along with an indication of a causefor the security compliance requirement being raised, as previouslydescribed with reference to FIG. 26.

In some cases, the method can include grouping security compliancerequirements into sets including multiple security compliancerequirements. Moreover, the method can include associating one or morespecific security compliance requirements or security compliancerequirement sets with a particular fabric or segment of the network andapplying the one or more specific security compliance requirements orsecurity compliance requirement sets specifically to that associatedfabric or segment of the network. For example, if the network (e.g.,Network Environment 100) includes multiple fabrics, a securitycompliance requirements set can be associated with one or more fabrics,and used to check if the one or more fabrics (or the associatedpolicies) comply with the security compliance requirement set.

In some cases, the method can include determining whether a state of thenetwork complies with the security compliance requirement. For example,the method can include comparing the security compliance requirement torules programmed on the network devices (e.g., switches, routers, etc.)in the network, such as ACLs and/or rules programmed on the hardwarememory (e.g., TCAM) of network devices (e.g., Leafs 104) in the network.To illustrate, the method can include comparing (e.g., by performing acontainment or assurance check) one or more first data structuresrepresenting the security compliance requirement with one or more seconddata structures representing hardware policy entries (e.g., TCAMentries) configured on network devices in the network, and based on thecomparison, determining whether the hardware policy entries configuredon the network devices satisfy, violate, or apply the securitycompliance requirement.

In some implementations, the one or more second data structuresrepresenting hardware policy entries configured on the network devicescan be created based on one or more hardware models (e.g., HardwareModel 276) created for the network and/or network devices. For example,the hardware model of a switch can be used to construct one or moreBDDs, which can represent the state of the network as it pertains tothat network device (e.g., the rules programmed on the network devicethat implement or enforce security policies in the network), and the oneor more BDDs can be used in the containment check.

FIG. 28 illustrates an example method for creating a security compliancerequirement involving objects on different network contexts anddetermining a compliance of policies associated with the objects on thedifferent network contexts. The objects can include, for example, EPGs,application profiles, contracts, network domains or constructs, filters,tenants, policies, policy constructs, etc. Moreover, the networkcontexts can include, for example, private networks, network domains,VRFs, subnets, bridge domains, etc. In this example, the objects areEPGs and the private networks are VRFs.

At step 2802, the method can include creating, for a network (e.g.,Network Environment 100), a security compliance requirement (e.g., viaCompliance Requirement Interface 1000 as shown in FIGS. 17A-C) includingEPG selectors (e.g., Chosen EPG Selector 1202 for EPG Selector A andChosen EPG Selector 1752 for EPG Selector B) representing respectivesets of EPGs, a traffic selector, and a communication operator (e.g.,Communication Operator Definition 1018B).

The respective sets of EPGs associated with the EPG selectors can beselected or determined based on EPG inclusion rules (e.g., 1914, 1922,1924, 1926, 1944) configured as previously explained. The trafficselector can include traffic parameters (e.g., 1818, 1820, 1832, 1834,1842, 1844, 1846, 1852, 1856, 1858A, 1858B, 1862, 1864, 1872, 1874,1876, 1890) identifying traffic associated with the traffic selector.The communication operator can define a communication condition (e.g.,1708) for traffic associated with the EPG selectors and the trafficselector, such as a “may talk to” condition, a “must talk to” condition,a “must not talk to” condition, a “may only talk to” condition, etc.

At step 2804, the method can include determining, based on a pluralityof distinct pairs of EPGs from the respective sets of EPGs, thatrespective EPGs in one or more distinct pairs of EPGs are associatedwith different network contexts in the network. For example, the methodcan include determining that the EPGs in a pair of EPGs are in adifferent VRF. Each of the plurality of distinct pairs of EPGs caninclude a respective EPG from the EPG selectors. For example, a distinctpair of EPGs can include an EPG from a first EPG selector and an EPGfrom a second EPG selector.

At step 2806, the method can involve determining, for each of the one ormore distinct pairs of EPGs, which of the different network context(s)contains security policies for traffic between the respective EPGs inthe one or more distinct pairs of EPGs. As previously mentioned, whenEPGs in a pair of EPGs are in different network contexts, the policiesassociated with the pair of EPGs can be located or set in one of thedifferent network contexts, both network contexts, or neither networkcontext. Accordingly, to perform a containment check for a pair of EPGsin different network contexts, the method can include finding where(e.g., which network context(s)) the policies associated with the pairof EPGs are located or set to use those policies for the check.

In some cases, policies for a pair of EPGs including a consumer andprovider can be located on the network context associated with theconsumer. Thus, step 2806 can include identifying the consumer EPG,checking the network context associated with the consumer EPG anddetermining whether the policies are in the network context associatedwith the consumer EPG. For example, in some cases, rules for traffic inthe network between a consumer and provider EPG are created in thenetwork context associated with the consumer EPG. Thus, if a contractbetween EPG1 and EPG2 specifies that EPG1 is the consumer and EPG2 isthe provider, and EPG1 and EPG2 are in different network contexts, therules for the traffic between EPG1 and EPG2 may be created in thenetwork context of the consumer (i.e., EPG1). Therefore, the compliancecheck for policies associated with traffic between EPG1 and EPG2 can bedone in the network context of the consumer (e.g., EPG1).

In some implementations, to determine at step 2806 which network contextcontains the security policies for traffic between the respective EPGsin a pair of EPGs, the method can involve checking a tag of each EPG inthe pair of EPGs. The tag can identify the EPG associated with it. Thetags can be, for example, classIDs (class identifiers), pcTags (policyconstruct tags), or any other tags. In some examples, the tag of an EPGmay be used to determine if the EPG is a consumer EPG, if the networkcontext associated with the EPG is a consumer network context, and/or ifthe network context associated with the EPG contains the policiesassociated with that EPG.

For example, in some cases, the tags can include global and local tags.Global tags can be globally unique across a fabric and local tags mayonly be unique within a context, such as a VRF. The global and localtags can have respective numbers designated for the tags. The numbersassociated with global and local tags can fall within a different numberrange. For example, global tags can have a number within a global range,such as 1 to 16,385, and local tags can have a number within a localrange, such as 16,386 to 65,535. Therefore, the number of a tag canindicate whether the tag is a global tag or a local tag depending on therange it falls in. Moreover, in some cases, consumer EPGs are assignedglobal tags while provider EPGs are generally assigned local tags. Thus,in some cases, the number of an EPG's tag can be used to determine orinfer whether the EPG is a consumer EPG. Therefore, the tags of a pairof EPGs can be checked to determine which EPG is the consumer andconsequently whether the network context associated with that EPG maycontain the policies for traffic between the pair of EPGs.

Accordingly, to determine at step 2806 which network context containsthe security policies for traffic between a pair of EPGs, the method caninvolve identifying which EPG in the pair of EPGs has a global tag anddetermining that the EPG with the global tag is the consumer EPG. Themethod can also involve identifying the network context associated withthe consumer EPG and determining that the policies for traffic betweenthe pair of EPGs are in the network context of the EPG identified as theconsumer. In some cases, both EPGs in a pair of EPGs may have a globaltag. This can be the case if the provider EPG in the pair is a consumerEPG in a different contract and was previously assigned a global tag asthe consumer for that contract. If both EPGs in a pair have a globaltag, the method at step 2806 can determine that the policies may becreated in both of the different network contexts and the containmentcheck (e.g., step 2812 below) should be done on both of the differentnetwork contexts.

In other cases, both EPGs in a pair of EPGs may have a local tag. Here,the method at step 2806 can determine that a containment check isunnecessary for the pair of EPGs because the pair of EPGs cannotcommunicate with each other as none of the EPGs in the pair are set asconsumer in the contract or policy. Accordingly, the method as itpertains to that pair of EPGs can end without performing steps 2808,2810, 2812, and/or 2814 below.

At step 2808, the method can include creating, for each distinct pair ofEPGs from the one or more distinct pairs of EPGs, a first respectivedata structure representing the distinct pair of EPGs, the communicationoperator, and the traffic selector. The first respective data structurecan be, for example, a BDD (e.g., 540), an ROBDD (e.g., 600A, 600B,600C), an n-bit vector or string, a flat list of rules, etc.,representing the distinct pair of EPGs, the communication operator, andthe traffic selector. The first respective data structure can be createdas previously explained with respect to step 2704 in FIG. 27.

When only a first one of the different network contexts is determined tocontain policies for traffic between the respective EPGs in the one ormore distinct pairs of EPGs, at step 2810 the method can includecreating a second respective data structure representing a first portionof a model (e.g., Logical Model 270) of the network, the first portionof the model containing policies associated with the first one of thedifferent network contexts; and at step 2812 the method can includedetermining whether the first respective data structure is contained inthe second respective data structure to yield a first containment check.The second respective data structure can be, for example, a BDD (e.g.,540), an ROBDD (e.g., 600A, 600B, 600C), an n-bit vector or string, aflat list of rules, etc., representing the first portion of the model(and/or the configuration data therein) containing the policiesassociated with the network context(s). Thus, the second respective datastructure can encompass the policies in the model corresponding to thenetwork context(s), and consequently the policies associated with thepair of EPGs. The second respective data structure can be created aspreviously explained with respect to step 2706 in FIG. 27.

When both of the different network contexts are determined to containpolicies for traffic between the respective EPGs in the one or moredistinct pairs of EPGs, the method can include, at step 2814, creatingthe second respective data structure and a third respective datastructure representing a second portion of the logical model (e.g.,Logical Model 270), the second portion of the logical model containingpolicies associated with a second one of the different network contexts;and at step 2816 determining whether the first respective data structureis contained in the second and/or third respective data structure toyield a second containment check.

The first or second containments check at steps 2812 and 2816 can beperformed for the first respective data structure of each distinct pairof EPGs based on the second and/or third respective data structure,depending on whether policies for traffic between the respective EPGs inthe one or more distinct pairs of EPGs are contained in one or both ofthe different network contexts. An example containment check isdescribed above in step 2708 of FIG. 27.

At step 2818, the method can include determining whether securitypolicies for traffic between the respective EPGs in the one or moredistinct pairs of EPGs comply (e.g., satisfy, violate, apply) with thesecurity compliance requirement based on the first or second containmentcheck. In some cases, a compliance system such as Assurance Appliance300 can determine which policies in the network and/or which policyconstructs or policies satisfy, violate or do not apply the securitycompliance requirement based on the first or second containment check.For example, the compliance system can identify which of the firstrespective data structures are not contained in the second respectivedata structure and based on this determine which policies and/or policyconstructs violate, satisfy, or fail to apply the security compliancerequirement.

In some cases, the method can include generating one or more complianceassurance events based on the compliance result in step 2814. The one ormore compliance assurance events can be generated and/or displayed aspreviously described with reference to FIGS. 26 and 27. Moreover, theone or more compliance assurance events can present various types ofinformation, such as an indication of the security compliancerequirement (and associated configuration settings), an indication ofthe policies and/or policy constructs that caused an event to be raised,a cause for the compliance result (e.g., a compliance violation, acompliance pass, a failure to apply a security compliance requirement,etc.), a time period or epoch associated with the event, etc. Additionaldetails and examples of compliance assurance events and associatedconfigurations and event presentations are further described above withrespect to FIGS. 26 and 27.

In some cases, the method can include grouping security compliancerequirements into security compliance requirement sets includingmultiple security compliance requirements. Moreover, the method caninclude associating one or more specific security compliancerequirements or security compliance requirement sets with a particularfabric or segment of the network and applying the one or more specificsecurity compliance requirements or security compliance requirement setsto that associated fabric or segment.

In some cases, the method can include determining whether a state of thenetwork complies with the security compliance requirement. For example,the method can include comparing the security compliance requirement torules programmed on network devices (e.g., switches, routers, etc.) inthe network, such as ACLs and/or rules programmed on the hardware memory(e.g., TCAM) of network devices (e.g., Leafs 104) in the network. Toillustrate, the method can include comparing (e.g., by performing acontainment or assurance check) one or more first data structuresrepresenting the security compliance requirement with one or more seconddata structures representing hardware policy entries (e.g., TCAMentries) configured on network devices in the network, and based on thecomparison, determining whether the hardware policy entries configuredon the network devices satisfy, violate, or apply the securitycompliance requirement.

In some implementations, the one or more second data structuresrepresenting hardware policy entries configured on the network devicescan be created based on one or more hardware models (e.g., HardwareModel 276) created for the network and/or network devices. For example,the hardware model of a switch can be used to construct one or moreBDDs, which can represent the state of the network as it pertains tothat network device (e.g., the rules programmed on the network devicethat implement or enforce security policies in the network), and the oneor more BDDs can be used in the containment check.

In some cases, determining whether security policies for traffic betweenthe respective EPGs in distinct pairs of EPGs comply with the securitycompliance requirement can include performing the method in FIG. 27 forsome pairs of EPGs and the method in FIG. 28 for other pairs of EPGs.For example, assume some EPG pairs are in a same network context andother EPG pairs are in different network contexts. To determine whethersecurity policies for traffic between the respective EPGs in distinctpairs of EPGs comply with the security compliance requirement, thecontainment check for the EPG pairs in the same network context can beperformed as described in the method of FIG. 27, and the containmentcheck for the EPG pairs in different network contexts can be performedas described in the method of FIG. 28. The determination can then beperformed based on the results of the containment checks for the EPGpairs in the same network context and the EPG pairs in different networkcontexts.

The security compliance requirements in FIGS. 8-28 have been describedwith reference to EPGs. However, it should be noted that EPGs are usedherein as a non-limiting example for explanation purposes, and othertypes of objects or constructs are contemplated herein and can be usedto create and check security compliance requirements. For example,instead of implementing EPG selectors, in some implementations thesecurity compliance requirements and assurance or compliance checks canimplement other object or construct selectors (in addition or in lieu ofEPG selectors), such as security groups, application profiles, contractsor rules, network domains, filters, tenants, policy constructs, usergroups, policy groups, application groups, service groups, and/or anyother group of objects or elements having one or more common attributes(e.g., a common location, a common SLA, a common address domain, acommon label, a common configuration, a common security requirement,etc.).

The disclosure now turns to FIGS. 29 and 30, which illustrate examplenetwork and computing devices, such as switches, routers, servers,endpoints, client computers, and so forth.

FIG. 29 illustrates an example network device 2900 suitable forperforming switching, routing, assurance and containment checks, andother networking operations. Network device 2900 includes a centralprocessing unit (CPU) 2904, interfaces 2902, and a connection 2910(e.g., a PCI bus). When acting under the control of software orfirmware, the CPU 2904 is responsible for executing packet management,error detection, and/or routing functions. The CPU 2904 preferablyaccomplishes all these functions under the control of software includingan operating system and any appropriate applications software. CPU 2904may include one or more processors 29029, such as a processor from theINTEL X296 family of microprocessors. In some cases, processor 29029 canbe specially designed hardware for controlling the operations of networkdevice 2900. In some cases, a memory 2906 (e.g., non-volatile RAM, ROM,TCAM, etc.) also forms part of CPU 2904. However, there are manydifferent ways in which memory could be coupled to the system. In somecases, the network device 2900 can include a memory and/or storagehardware, such as TCAM, separate from CPU 2904. Such memory and/orstorage hardware can be coupled with the network device 2900 and itscomponents via, for example, connection 2910.

The interfaces 2902 are typically provided as modular interface cards(sometimes referred to as “line cards”). Generally, they control thesending and receiving of data packets over the network and sometimessupport other peripherals used with the network device 2900. Among theinterfaces that may be provided are Ethernet interfaces, frame relayinterfaces, cable interfaces, DSL interfaces, token ring interfaces, andthe like. In addition, various very high-speed interfaces may beprovided such as fast token ring interfaces, wireless interfaces,Ethernet interfaces, Gigabit Ethernet interfaces, ATM interfaces, HSSIinterfaces, POS interfaces, FDDI interfaces, WIFI interfaces, 3G/4G/5Gcellular interfaces, CAN BUS, LoRA, and the like. Generally, theseinterfaces may include ports appropriate for communication with theappropriate media. In some cases, they may also include an independentprocessor and, in some instances, volatile RAM. The independentprocessors may control such communications intensive tasks as packetswitching, media control, signal processing, crypto processing, andmanagement. By providing separate processors for the communicationsintensive tasks, these interfaces allow the master microprocessor 2904to efficiently perform routing computations, network diagnostics,security functions, etc.

Although the system shown in FIG. 29 is one specific network device ofthe present disclosure, it is by no means the only network devicearchitecture on which the concepts herein can be implemented. Forexample, an architecture having a single processor that handlescommunications as well as routing computations, etc., can be used.Further, other types of interfaces and media could also be used with thenetwork device 2900.

Regardless of the network device's configuration, it may employ one ormore memories (including memory 2906) configured to store programinstructions for the general-purpose network operations and mechanismsfor roaming, route optimization and routing functions described herein.The program instructions may control the operation of an operatingsystem and/or one or more applications, for example. The memory ormemories may also be configured to store tables such as mobilitybinding, registration, and association tables, etc. Memory 2906 couldalso hold various software containers and virtualized executionenvironments and data.

The network device 2900 can also include an application-specificintegrated circuit (ASIC), which can be configured to perform routing,switching, and/or other operations. The ASIC can communicate with othercomponents in the network device 2900 via the connection 2910, toexchange data and signals and coordinate various types of operations bythe network device 2900, such as routing, switching, and/or data storageoperations, for example.

FIG. 30 illustrates an example computing system architecture 3000including components in electrical communication with each other using aconnection 3005, such as a bus. System architecture 3000 includes aprocessing unit (CPU or processor) 3010 and a system connection 3005that couples various system components including the system memory 3015,such as read only memory (ROM) 3020 and random access memory (RAM) 3025,to the processor 3010. System architecture 3000 can include a cache ofhigh-speed memory connected directly with, in close proximity to, orintegrated as part of the processor 3010. System architecture 3000 cancopy data from the memory 3015 and/or the storage device 3030 to thecache 3012 for quick access by the processor 3010. In this way, thecache can provide a performance boost that avoids processor 3010 delayswhile waiting for data. These and other modules can control or beconfigured to control the processor 3010 to perform various actions.Other system memory 3015 may be available for use as well. The memory3015 can include different types of memory with different performancecharacteristics. The processor 3010 can include any processor and ahardware or software service, such as service 1 3032, service 2 3034,and service 3 3036 stored in storage device 3030, configured to controlthe processor 3010 as well as a special-purpose processor where softwareinstructions are incorporated into the actual processor design. Theprocessor 3010 may be a completely self-contained computing system,containing multiple cores or processors, a bus, memory controller,cache, etc. A multi-core processor may be symmetric or asymmetric.

To enable user interaction with the system architecture 3000, an inputdevice 3045 can represent any number of input mechanisms, such as amicrophone for speech, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or graphicalinput, keyboard, mouse, motion input, speech and so forth. An outputdevice 3035 can also be one or more of a number of output mechanismsknown to those of skill in the art. In some instances, multimodalsystems can enable a user to provide multiple types of input tocommunicate with the system architecture 3000. The communicationsinterface 3040 can generally govern and manage the user input and systemoutput. There is no restriction on operating on any particular hardwarearrangement and therefore the basic features here may easily besubstituted for improved hardware or firmware arrangements as they aredeveloped.

Storage device 3030 is a non-volatile memory and can be a hard disk orother types of computer readable media which can store data that areaccessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memorycards, solid state memory devices, digital versatile disks, cartridges,random access memories (RAMs) 3025, read only memory (ROM) 3020, andhybrids thereof.

The storage device 3030 can include services 3032, 3034, 3036 forcontrolling the processor 3010. Other hardware or software modules arecontemplated. The storage device 3030 can be connected to the systemconnection 3005. In one aspect, a hardware module that performs aparticular function can include the software component stored in acomputer-readable medium in connection with the necessary hardwarecomponents, such as the processor 3010, connection 3005, output device3035, and so forth, to carry out the function.

For clarity of explanation, in some instances the present technology maybe presented as including individual functional blocks, includingdevices, device components, steps or routines in a method embodied insoftware, or combinations of hardware and software.

In some embodiments the computer-readable storage devices, mediums, andmemories can include a cable or wireless signal containing a bit streamand the like. However, when mentioned, non-transitory computer-readablestorage media expressly exclude media such as energy, carrier signals,electromagnetic waves, and signals per se.

Methods according to the above-described examples can be implementedusing computer-executable instructions stored or otherwise availablefrom computer readable media. Such instructions can comprise, forexample, instructions and data which cause or configure a computer orprocessing device to perform a certain function or group of functions.Portions of computer resources used can be accessible over a network.The computer executable instructions may be, for example, binaries,intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, firmware, orsource code. Examples of computer-readable media that may be used tostore instructions and/or information include magnetic or optical disks,flash memory, USB devices provided with non-volatile memory, networkedstorage devices, and so on.

Devices implementing methods according to these disclosures can comprisehardware, firmware and/or software, and can take any of a variety ofform factors. Example form factors include laptops, smart phones, smallform factor personal computers, personal digital assistants, rackmountdevices, standalone devices, and so on. Functionality described hereincan be embodied in peripherals or add-in cards. Such functionality canbe implemented on a circuit board among different chips or processesexecuting in a device. The instructions, media for conveying suchinstructions, computing resources for executing them, and otherstructures for supporting such computing resources are means forproviding the functions described in these disclosures.

Although various examples and information were used to explain aspectswithin the scope of the claims, no limitation of the claims should beimplied based on particular features or arrangements in such examples,as one of ordinary skill would be able to use these examples to derive avariety of implementations. Although some subject matter may have beendescribed in language specific to examples of structural features and/ormethod steps, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined inthe claims is not necessarily limited to these described features oracts. For example, such functionality can be distributed differently orperformed in components other than those identified herein. Thedescribed features and steps are disclosed as examples of componentswithin the scope of the claims.

Claim language reciting “at least one of” refers to at least one of aset and indicates that one member of the set or multiple members of theset satisfy the claim. For example, claim language reciting “at leastone of A and B” means A, B, or A and B.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: creating a compliancerequirement for a network, the compliance requirement comprising a firstendpoint group (EPG) selector, a second EPG selector, a trafficselector, and a communication operator, wherein the first and second EPGselectors represent sets of EPGs, wherein the traffic selector comprisestraffic parameters identifying traffic corresponding to the trafficselector and the communication operator defines a communicationcondition for traffic associated with the first and second EPG selectorsand the traffic selector; creating, for each distinct pair of EPGs fromthe sets of EPGs, a first respective data structure representing thedistinct pair of EPGs, the communication operator, and the trafficselector, wherein the distinct pair of EPGs comprises a respective EPGfrom each of the first EPG selector and the second EPG selector;creating a second respective data structure representing a logical modelof the network; determining whether the first respective data structureis contained in the second respective data structure to yield acontainment check; and determining whether policies configured on thenetwork comply with the compliance requirement based on the containmentcheck.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first respective datastructure and the second respective data structure comprise at least oneof binary decision diagrams, reduced ordered binary decision diagrams,and n-bit vectors.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:determining that each EPG in at least one distinct pair of EPGs from thesets of EPGs is associated with a same network context, the same networkcontext comprising at least one of a Virtual Routing and Forwardinginstance, a private network, and a network address domain; and whereincreating the second respective data structure is based at least partlyon policies in the logical model that are associated with the samenetwork context, wherein the second respective data structure representsthe policies associated with the same network context.
 4. The method ofclaim 3, wherein determining whether the policies comply with thecompliance requirement comprises determining whether the policiesassociated with the same network context satisfy, violate, or apply thecompliance requirement.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:generating one or more compliance assurance events indicating whetherthe policies comply with the compliance requirement.
 6. The method ofclaim 5, wherein generating the one or more compliance assurance eventscomprises presenting a compliance result indicating whether thecompliance requirement is satisfied, violated, or not applied by one ormore of the policies configured on the network.
 7. The method of claim6, wherein the compliance result comprises at least one of: a firstindication of a cause for the compliance requirement being satisfied,violated, or not applied, the first indication of the cause identifyingat least one of a set of policy objects and one or more securitypolicies, the set of policy objects comprising at least one of aconsumer EPG, a provider EPG, a contract, a filter, a tenant, a virtualrouting and forwarding object, a network context, and an applicationprofile; and a second indication of at least one of a compliance eventseverity, a number of compliance issues, a compliance score, a count ofcompliance issues by category, and a respective compliance score bycategory, wherein the category comprises at least one of a type ofcompliance requirement, a type of resource affected, and a policy objectaffected.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising determiningwhether a state of the network complies with the compliance requirementby: comparing one or more first data structures representing thecompliance requirement with one or more second data structuresrepresenting hardware policy entries configured on network devices inthe network, the one or more first data structures and the one or moresecond data structures comprising at least one of binary decisiondiagrams, reduced ordered binary decision diagrams, and n-bit vectors;and based on the comparing, determining whether the hardware policyentries configured on the network devices in the network satisfy,violate, or apply the compliance requirement.
 9. The method of claim 1,wherein the network comprises a plurality of network fabrics, the methodfurther comprising: creating additional compliance requirements for thenetwork based on additional configuration data, the additionalconfiguration data comprising respective EPG selectors, respectivetraffic selectors, and respective communication operators; grouping theadditional compliance requirements to yield a compliance requirementset; associating the compliance requirement set with a subset of theplurality of network fabrics; and determining whether policiesassociated with the subset of the plurality of network fabrics complywith the compliance requirement set.
 10. A system comprising: one ormore processors; and at least one computer-readable storage mediumhaving stored therein instructions which, when executed by the one ormore processors, cause the system to: create a compliance requirementfor a network, the compliance requirement comprising a first endpointgroup (EPG) selector, a second EPG selector, a traffic selector, and acommunication operator, wherein the first and second EPG selectorsrepresent sets of EPGs, wherein the traffic selector comprises trafficparameters identifying traffic corresponding to the traffic selector andthe communication operator defines a communication condition for trafficassociated with the first and second EPG selectors and the trafficselector; create, for each distinct pair of EPGs from the sets of EPGs,a first respective data structure representing the distinct pair ofEPGs, the communication operator, and the traffic selector, wherein thedistinct pair of EPGs comprises a respective EPG from each of the firstEPG selector and the second EPG selector; create a second respectivedata structure representing a logical model of the network; determinewhether the first respective data structure is contained in the secondrespective data structure to yield a containment check; and determinewhether policies configured on the network comply with the compliancerequirement based on the containment check.
 11. The system of claim 10,wherein the first respective data structure and the second respectivedata structure comprise at least one of binary decision diagrams,reduced ordered binary decision diagrams, and n-bit vectors.
 12. Thesystem of claim 10, wherein the at least one computer-readable storagemedium stores additional instructions which, when executed by the one ormore processors, cause the system to: determine that each EPG in atleast one distinct pair of EPGs from the sets of EPGs is associated witha same network context, the same network context comprising at least oneof a Virtual Routing and Forwarding instance, a private network, and anetwork address domain; and wherein creating the second respective datastructure is based at least partly on policies in the logical model thatare associated with the same network context, wherein the secondrespective data structure represents the policies associated with thesame network context.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein determiningwhether the policies comply with the compliance requirement comprisesdetermining whether the policies associated with the same networkcontext satisfy, violate, or apply the compliance requirement.
 14. Thesystem of claim 10, wherein the at least one computer-readable storagemedium stores additional instructions which, when executed by the one ormore processors, cause the system to: generate one or more complianceassurance events indicating whether the policies comply with thecompliance requirement.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein generatingthe one or more compliance assurance events comprises presenting acompliance result indicating whether the compliance requirement issatisfied, violated, or not applied by one or more of the policiesconfigured on the network.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein thecompliance result comprises at least one of: a first indication of acause for the compliance requirement being satisfied, violated, or notapplied, the first indication of the cause identifying at least one of aset of policy objects and one or more security policies, the set ofpolicy objects comprising at least one of a consumer EPG, a providerEPG, a contract, a filter, a tenant, a virtual routing and forwarding(VRF) object, a network context, and an application profile; and asecond indication of at least one of a compliance event severity, anumber of compliance issues, a compliance score, a count of complianceissues by category, and a respective compliance score by category,wherein the category comprises at least one of a type of compliancerequirement, a type of resource affected, and a policy object affected.17. The system of claim 10, wherein the at least one computer-readablestorage medium stores additional instructions which, when executed bythe one or more processors, cause the system to determine whether astate of the network complies with the compliance requirement by:comparing one or more first data structures representing the compliancerequirement with one or more second data structures representinghardware policy entries on network devices in the network, the one ormore first data structures and the one or more second data structurescomprising at least one of binary decision diagrams, reduced orderedbinary decision diagrams, and n-bit vectors; and based on the comparing,determining whether the hardware policy entries configured on thenetwork devices in the network satisfy, violate, or apply the compliancerequirement.
 18. The system of claim 10, wherein the network comprises aplurality of network fabrics, and wherein the at least onecomputer-readable storage medium stores additional instructions which,when executed by the one or more processors, cause the system to: createadditional compliance requirements for the network based on additionalconfiguration data received, the additional configuration datacomprising respective EPG selectors, respective traffic selectors, andrespective communication operators; group the additional compliancerequirements to yield a compliance requirement set; associate thecompliance requirement set with a subset of the plurality of networkfabrics; and determine whether policies associated with the subset ofthe plurality of network fabrics comply with the compliance requirementset.
 19. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising:instructions stored therein instructions which, when executed by one ormore processors, cause the one or more processors to: create acompliance requirement for a network, the compliance requirementcomprising a first endpoint group (EPG) selector, a second EPG selector,a traffic selector, and a communication operator, wherein the first andsecond EPG selectors represent sets of EPGs, wherein the trafficselector comprises traffic parameters identifying traffic correspondingto the traffic selector and the communication operator defines acommunication condition for traffic associated with the first and secondEPG selectors and the traffic selector; create, for each distinct pairof EPGs from the sets of EPGs, a first respective data structurerepresenting the distinct pair of EPGs, the communication operator, andthe traffic selector, wherein the distinct pair of EPGs comprises arespective EPG from each of the first EPG selector and the second EPGselector; create a second respective data structure representing alogical model of the network; determine whether the first respectivedata structure is contained in the second respective data structure toyield a containment check; and determine whether policies configured onthe network comply with the compliance requirement based on thecontainment check.
 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of claim 19, wherein the at least one computer-readable storagemedium stores additional instructions which, when executed by the one ormore processors, cause the system to: determine that each EPG in atleast one distinct pair of EPGs from the sets of EPGs is associated witha same network context, the same network context comprising at least oneof a Virtual Routing and Forwarding instance, a private network, and anetwork address domain; wherein creating the second respective datastructure is based at least partly on policies in the logical model thatare associated with the same network context, the second respective datastructure representing the policies associated with the same networkcontext; and wherein the first respective data structure and the secondrespective data structure comprise at least one of binary decisiondiagrams, reduced ordered binary decision diagrams, and n-bit vectors.